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Funding the UN: support or constraint?

Adequate and predictable funding to multilateral development organizations is key to promoting global sustainable development. Funding volumes and practices matter. They affect the scale and scope of solutions that can be offered. They reveal the extent to which multilateral organizations are owned by member states when looking at who shares the risks and costs of multilateral activities, and they demonstrate the level of trust placed in an organization. Through resource politics, states exercise influence and control over an organization. This influence can serve to support and strengthen multilateral organizations by helping them to be efficient, effective, and innovative. Or, it can also undermine international organizations by making their work harder, hampering development effectiveness, and eroding multilateral assets. The UN development system (UNDS) illustrates both kinds of financial engagement, often in parallel. This chapter begins by describing the current funding patterns of the UNDS, analyzes the main drivers, and assesses repercussions. It then takes stock of responses by individual organizations as well as by the system as a whole. The chapter concludes with some reflections about the inherent challenges in finding remedies to the unsustainable funding structures that endanger the system’s multilateral assets.

Funding the UN: support or constraint?

Adequate and predictable funding to multilateral development organizations is key to promoting global sustainable development. Funding volumes and practices matter. They affect the scale and scope of solutions that can be offered. They reveal the extent to which multilateral organizations are owned by member states when looking at who shares the risks and costs of multilateral activities, and they demonstrate the level of trust placed in an organization. Through resource politics, states exercise influence and control over an organization. This influence can serve to support and strengthen multilateral organizations by helping them to be efficient, effective, and innovative. Or, it can also undermine international organizations by making their work harder, hampering development effectiveness, and eroding multilateral assets. The UN development system (UNDS) illustrates both kinds of financial engagement, often in parallel. This chapter begins by describing the current funding patterns of the UNDS, analyzes the main drivers, and assesses repercussions. It then takes stock of responses by individual organizations as well as by the system as a whole. The chapter concludes with some reflections about the inherent challenges in finding remedies to the unsustainable funding structures that endanger the system’s multilateral assets.

Funding the UN: support or constraint?

Adequate and predictable funding to multilateral development organizations is key to promoting global sustainable development. Funding volumes and practices matter. They affect the scale and scope of solutions that can be offered. They reveal the extent to which multilateral organizations are owned by member states when looking at who shares the risks and costs of multilateral activities, and they demonstrate the level of trust placed in an organization. Through resource politics, states exercise influence and control over an organization. This influence can serve to support and strengthen multilateral organizations by helping them to be efficient, effective, and innovative. Or, it can also undermine international organizations by making their work harder, hampering development effectiveness, and eroding multilateral assets. The UN development system (UNDS) illustrates both kinds of financial engagement, often in parallel. This chapter begins by describing the current funding patterns of the UNDS, analyzes the main drivers, and assesses repercussions. It then takes stock of responses by individual organizations as well as by the system as a whole. The chapter concludes with some reflections about the inherent challenges in finding remedies to the unsustainable funding structures that endanger the system’s multilateral assets.

Uniformed Women in Peace Operations: Challenging Assumptions and Transforming Approaches

European Peace Institute / News - Wed, 06/24/2020 - 01:49

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Over the past twenty years, UN peace operations have made progress toward gender equality. Most of their mandates refer to women or gender, and the UN and member states have agreed to numerical targets to increase the percentage of women peacekeepers. Meeting, and exceeding, these targets, however, will require the UN to better understand the barriers and often-unrealistic expectations facing uniformed women.

This paper provides an overview of how the UN and troop- and police-contributing countries are trying to integrate uniformed women into missions and how mission mandates interact with the women, peace, and security agenda. It also expounds upon expectations of uniformed women in peacekeeping operations, specifically regarding the protection of civilians, as well as structural barriers, taboos, and stigmas that affect uniformed women’s deployment experiences. It is the first paper published under the International Peace Institute’s Women in Peace Operations project and provides an overview of research that will be conducted through May 2022.

The paper concludes with initial findings and guidance for researchers and practitioners. It calls for the UN and member states to consider transformative possibilities for increasing women’s participation that push back against existing assumptions and norms. This requires grounding integration strategies in evidence, transforming missions to improve the experiences of women peacekeepers, and implementing a gendered approach to community engagement and protection.

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Wachsende Ungleichheit kann die Auswirkungen der Pandemie noch verschlimmern

Wie sich Covid-19 auf unseren Alltag auswirkt, ist nicht zu übersehen. Weniger offensichtlich sind die unmittelbaren Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf die Armut in der Welt. Der wirtschaftliche Verlust, der aktuell weltweit auf etwa 5,2 Prozent des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) geschätzt wird, vermittelt nur ein unvollständiges Bild der tatsächlichen gesellschaftlichen und menschlichen Kosten. Die Berechnung könnte ähnlichen Verzerrungen unterliegen wie viele Klimafolgenabschätzungen. So erscheint der absolute Verlust in wohlhabenden Gebieten häufig größer, was aber lediglich darauf zurückzuführen ist, dass es dort in wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht mehr zu verlieren gibt. Bezüglich der Auswirkungen auf ihren Lebensunterhalt sind jedoch ohnehin bereits gefährdete Gemeinschaften am stärksten betroffen. Jeder Nettoverlust bedeutet für sie den Verlust eines größeren Teils ihres ohnehin knappen Einkommens, und die Wirkungen werden weit über Einkommensschocks hinausgehen.

Es ist daher wichtig, die Folgen der Pandemie für die globale Armut abzuschätzen und zu prüfen, inwieweit dadurch unsere Fähigkeit beeinträchtigt wird, die extreme Armut global zu beseitigen, wie es die Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung bis zum Jahr 2030 vorsehen. Dieser Aufgabe hat sich ein Team der Weltbank angenommen. Das Deutsche Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) und die Weltbank haben in diesem Zuge ein Modell entwickelt, dass die globale Armut bis 2030 ebenso wie die Rolle simuliert, die eine Veränderung von Ungleichheiten für die Erreichung des Armutsziels spielt. Laut dieses Modells können durch die Covid-19-Pandemie weltweit etwa 70 Millionen Menschen zusätzlich in extreme Armut fallen.

Bedenkt man, dass das Einkommensniveau, bei dem eine Person im weltweiten Vergleich als extrem arm gilt, der durchschnittlichen Armutsgrenze in mehreren der ärmsten Länder entspricht, ist dieser Trend wahrlich besorgniserregend. Tritt das Ergebnis der Simulation ein, müssen etwa 70 Millionen Menschen zusätzlich mit etwas weniger als zwei Dollar (genauer gesagt 1,90 USD mit der Kaufkraftparität von 2011) pro Person und Tag auskommen. Zu den rund 600 Millionen Menschen, die schon jetzt in extremer Armut leben, kämen also noch über 10 Prozent hinzu. Noch viele mehr werden in die darüber liegende Kategorie der zwar nicht extremen, aber immer noch sehr großen Armut fallen.

Eine weitere wichtige Frage ist, wie sich die globale Rezession in verschiedenen Einkommensgruppen innerhalb der Verteilung niederschlagen wird. Die obige Schätzung von 70 Millionen zusätzlichen Armen geht davon aus, dass die Einkommen innerhalb der gesamten Einkommensverteilung gleich stark sinken werden. In den Entwicklungsländern sind von den „Lockdown“-Maßnahmen jedoch viele Menschen betroffen, die im informellen Sektor oder in prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen arbeiten. Viele dieser Geringverdiener werden möglicherweise für einige Monate einen Großteil ihres Einkommens verlieren. Sie sind also überproportional benachteiligt, wodurch sich die Ungleichheit noch verstärkt. Der Rückgang des BIP kann sich also innerhalb der Einkommensverteilung unterschiedlich stark niederschlagen. Die Verteilungseffekte der Rezession müssen also berücksichtigt werden.

Da über die Verteilungseffekte noch keine Daten vorliegen, lässt sich nur simulieren, wie sich die Veränderungen der Ungleichheit auf die geschätzte Armut auswirken. Wenn die Ungleichheit gemessen am Gini-Index, einem Standardmaß zur Darstellung von Ungleichheit, weltweit um 1 Prozent ab- oder zunimmt, könnte die Zahl der zusätzlichen extrem Armen entsprechend 55 oder 85 Millionen betragen. Eine solche prozentuale Veränderung der Einkommensverteilung bewegt sich im Rahmen dessen, was in einem beliebigen Land innerhalb eines Jahres üblich ist. Der Unterschied zwischen den Zahlen würde sich auf etwa 40 bis 100 Millionen Menschen vergrößern, wenn die Veränderung der Ungleichheit in der Größenordnung von 2 Prozent liegt. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass sich die Ungleichheit in allen Ländern auf die gleiche Weise ändert ist sehr gering. Dennoch erhält man so eine Vorstellung von der Bandbreite der Ergebnisse, wenn man Veränderungen bei der Verteilung berücksichtigt: Sollte der Gini-Index um 2 Prozent sinken, könnte dies die Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf die globale Armut fast halbieren. Eine Steigerung um 2 Prozent würde sie um fast 50 Prozent verstärken.

Für die politischen Entscheidungsträger der Welt und vor allem für die entwicklungspolitischen Akteure ist daher nicht nur die aggregierte Auswirkung der Pandemie entscheidend, sondern auch die wichtige Rolle der Bekämpfung der Ungleichheit für die Abschwächung der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen. Unsere Berechnungen zeigen, dass den Regierungen auch bei stagnierendem Wirtschaftswachstum eine außerordentliche Verantwortung zukommt. Sie müssen nicht nur antizyklisch handeln, um das Wachstum anzukurbeln – idealerweise mit Investitionen in eine ökologisch nachhaltige Weltwirtschaft – sondern auch die Lebensgrundlagen von Menschen in den unteren Einkommenssegmenten sicherstellen. Das beinhaltet insbesondere die Vertiefung und Ausweitung sozialer Sicherung, sowie die Stärkung weiterer Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung von Ungleichheit, wie zum Beispiel progressiver Besteuerung und Investitionen in ländliche Infrastruktur. Politisches Handeln muss sich jetzt darauf konzentrieren, die ungleichen Auswirkungen der Pandemie abzumildern und dafür zu sorgen, dass die wirtschaftlichen Maßnahmen in ihrer Gesamtheit geeignet sind, Ungleichheit zu verringern.

Mario Negre ist Ökonom und Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter im Forschungsprogramm Transformation der Wirtschafts- und Sozialsysteme am Deutschen Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Daniel Gerszon Mahler is Ökonom und Young Professional in der Development Data Group der Weltbank

Christoph Lakner ist Senior Economist der Development Data Group bei der Weltbank.

Dieser Text ist Teil einer Sonderreihe unseres Formats Die aktuelle Kolumne, die die Folgen der Corona-Krise entwicklungspolitisch und sozioökonomisch einordnet. Sie finden die weiteren Texte hier auf unserer Überblicksseite.

Wachsende Ungleichheit kann die Auswirkungen der Pandemie noch verschlimmern

Wie sich Covid-19 auf unseren Alltag auswirkt, ist nicht zu übersehen. Weniger offensichtlich sind die unmittelbaren Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf die Armut in der Welt. Der wirtschaftliche Verlust, der aktuell weltweit auf etwa 5,2 Prozent des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) geschätzt wird, vermittelt nur ein unvollständiges Bild der tatsächlichen gesellschaftlichen und menschlichen Kosten. Die Berechnung könnte ähnlichen Verzerrungen unterliegen wie viele Klimafolgenabschätzungen. So erscheint der absolute Verlust in wohlhabenden Gebieten häufig größer, was aber lediglich darauf zurückzuführen ist, dass es dort in wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht mehr zu verlieren gibt. Bezüglich der Auswirkungen auf ihren Lebensunterhalt sind jedoch ohnehin bereits gefährdete Gemeinschaften am stärksten betroffen. Jeder Nettoverlust bedeutet für sie den Verlust eines größeren Teils ihres ohnehin knappen Einkommens, und die Wirkungen werden weit über Einkommensschocks hinausgehen.

Es ist daher wichtig, die Folgen der Pandemie für die globale Armut abzuschätzen und zu prüfen, inwieweit dadurch unsere Fähigkeit beeinträchtigt wird, die extreme Armut global zu beseitigen, wie es die Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung bis zum Jahr 2030 vorsehen. Dieser Aufgabe hat sich ein Team der Weltbank angenommen. Das Deutsche Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) und die Weltbank haben in diesem Zuge ein Modell entwickelt, dass die globale Armut bis 2030 ebenso wie die Rolle simuliert, die eine Veränderung von Ungleichheiten für die Erreichung des Armutsziels spielt. Laut dieses Modells können durch die Covid-19-Pandemie weltweit etwa 70 Millionen Menschen zusätzlich in extreme Armut fallen.

Bedenkt man, dass das Einkommensniveau, bei dem eine Person im weltweiten Vergleich als extrem arm gilt, der durchschnittlichen Armutsgrenze in mehreren der ärmsten Länder entspricht, ist dieser Trend wahrlich besorgniserregend. Tritt das Ergebnis der Simulation ein, müssen etwa 70 Millionen Menschen zusätzlich mit etwas weniger als zwei Dollar (genauer gesagt 1,90 USD mit der Kaufkraftparität von 2011) pro Person und Tag auskommen. Zu den rund 600 Millionen Menschen, die schon jetzt in extremer Armut leben, kämen also noch über 10 Prozent hinzu. Noch viele mehr werden in die darüber liegende Kategorie der zwar nicht extremen, aber immer noch sehr großen Armut fallen.

Eine weitere wichtige Frage ist, wie sich die globale Rezession in verschiedenen Einkommensgruppen innerhalb der Verteilung niederschlagen wird. Die obige Schätzung von 70 Millionen zusätzlichen Armen geht davon aus, dass die Einkommen innerhalb der gesamten Einkommensverteilung gleich stark sinken werden. In den Entwicklungsländern sind von den „Lockdown“-Maßnahmen jedoch viele Menschen betroffen, die im informellen Sektor oder in prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen arbeiten. Viele dieser Geringverdiener werden möglicherweise für einige Monate einen Großteil ihres Einkommens verlieren. Sie sind also überproportional benachteiligt, wodurch sich die Ungleichheit noch verstärkt. Der Rückgang des BIP kann sich also innerhalb der Einkommensverteilung unterschiedlich stark niederschlagen. Die Verteilungseffekte der Rezession müssen also berücksichtigt werden.

Da über die Verteilungseffekte noch keine Daten vorliegen, lässt sich nur simulieren, wie sich die Veränderungen der Ungleichheit auf die geschätzte Armut auswirken. Wenn die Ungleichheit gemessen am Gini-Index, einem Standardmaß zur Darstellung von Ungleichheit, weltweit um 1 Prozent ab- oder zunimmt, könnte die Zahl der zusätzlichen extrem Armen entsprechend 55 oder 85 Millionen betragen. Eine solche prozentuale Veränderung der Einkommensverteilung bewegt sich im Rahmen dessen, was in einem beliebigen Land innerhalb eines Jahres üblich ist. Der Unterschied zwischen den Zahlen würde sich auf etwa 40 bis 100 Millionen Menschen vergrößern, wenn die Veränderung der Ungleichheit in der Größenordnung von 2 Prozent liegt. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass sich die Ungleichheit in allen Ländern auf die gleiche Weise ändert ist sehr gering. Dennoch erhält man so eine Vorstellung von der Bandbreite der Ergebnisse, wenn man Veränderungen bei der Verteilung berücksichtigt: Sollte der Gini-Index um 2 Prozent sinken, könnte dies die Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf die globale Armut fast halbieren. Eine Steigerung um 2 Prozent würde sie um fast 50 Prozent verstärken.

Für die politischen Entscheidungsträger der Welt und vor allem für die entwicklungspolitischen Akteure ist daher nicht nur die aggregierte Auswirkung der Pandemie entscheidend, sondern auch die wichtige Rolle der Bekämpfung der Ungleichheit für die Abschwächung der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen. Unsere Berechnungen zeigen, dass den Regierungen auch bei stagnierendem Wirtschaftswachstum eine außerordentliche Verantwortung zukommt. Sie müssen nicht nur antizyklisch handeln, um das Wachstum anzukurbeln – idealerweise mit Investitionen in eine ökologisch nachhaltige Weltwirtschaft – sondern auch die Lebensgrundlagen von Menschen in den unteren Einkommenssegmenten sicherstellen. Das beinhaltet insbesondere die Vertiefung und Ausweitung sozialer Sicherung, sowie die Stärkung weiterer Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung von Ungleichheit, wie zum Beispiel progressiver Besteuerung und Investitionen in ländliche Infrastruktur. Politisches Handeln muss sich jetzt darauf konzentrieren, die ungleichen Auswirkungen der Pandemie abzumildern und dafür zu sorgen, dass die wirtschaftlichen Maßnahmen in ihrer Gesamtheit geeignet sind, Ungleichheit zu verringern.

Mario Negre ist Ökonom und Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter im Forschungsprogramm Transformation der Wirtschafts- und Sozialsysteme am Deutschen Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Daniel Gerszon Mahler is Ökonom und Young Professional in der Development Data Group der Weltbank

Christoph Lakner ist Senior Economist der Development Data Group bei der Weltbank.

Dieser Text ist Teil einer Sonderreihe unseres Formats Die aktuelle Kolumne, die die Folgen der Corona-Krise entwicklungspolitisch und sozioökonomisch einordnet. Sie finden die weiteren Texte hier auf unserer Überblicksseite.

Wachsende Ungleichheit kann die Auswirkungen der Pandemie noch verschlimmern

Wie sich Covid-19 auf unseren Alltag auswirkt, ist nicht zu übersehen. Weniger offensichtlich sind die unmittelbaren Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf die Armut in der Welt. Der wirtschaftliche Verlust, der aktuell weltweit auf etwa 5,2 Prozent des Bruttoinlandsprodukts (BIP) geschätzt wird, vermittelt nur ein unvollständiges Bild der tatsächlichen gesellschaftlichen und menschlichen Kosten. Die Berechnung könnte ähnlichen Verzerrungen unterliegen wie viele Klimafolgenabschätzungen. So erscheint der absolute Verlust in wohlhabenden Gebieten häufig größer, was aber lediglich darauf zurückzuführen ist, dass es dort in wirtschaftlicher Hinsicht mehr zu verlieren gibt. Bezüglich der Auswirkungen auf ihren Lebensunterhalt sind jedoch ohnehin bereits gefährdete Gemeinschaften am stärksten betroffen. Jeder Nettoverlust bedeutet für sie den Verlust eines größeren Teils ihres ohnehin knappen Einkommens, und die Wirkungen werden weit über Einkommensschocks hinausgehen.

Es ist daher wichtig, die Folgen der Pandemie für die globale Armut abzuschätzen und zu prüfen, inwieweit dadurch unsere Fähigkeit beeinträchtigt wird, die extreme Armut global zu beseitigen, wie es die Ziele für nachhaltige Entwicklung bis zum Jahr 2030 vorsehen. Dieser Aufgabe hat sich ein Team der Weltbank angenommen. Das Deutsche Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) und die Weltbank haben in diesem Zuge ein Modell entwickelt, dass die globale Armut bis 2030 ebenso wie die Rolle simuliert, die eine Veränderung von Ungleichheiten für die Erreichung des Armutsziels spielt. Laut dieses Modells können durch die Covid-19-Pandemie weltweit etwa 70 Millionen Menschen zusätzlich in extreme Armut fallen.

Bedenkt man, dass das Einkommensniveau, bei dem eine Person im weltweiten Vergleich als extrem arm gilt, der durchschnittlichen Armutsgrenze in mehreren der ärmsten Länder entspricht, ist dieser Trend wahrlich besorgniserregend. Tritt das Ergebnis der Simulation ein, müssen etwa 70 Millionen Menschen zusätzlich mit etwas weniger als zwei Dollar (genauer gesagt 1,90 USD mit der Kaufkraftparität von 2011) pro Person und Tag auskommen. Zu den rund 600 Millionen Menschen, die schon jetzt in extremer Armut leben, kämen also noch über 10 Prozent hinzu. Noch viele mehr werden in die darüber liegende Kategorie der zwar nicht extremen, aber immer noch sehr großen Armut fallen.

Eine weitere wichtige Frage ist, wie sich die globale Rezession in verschiedenen Einkommensgruppen innerhalb der Verteilung niederschlagen wird. Die obige Schätzung von 70 Millionen zusätzlichen Armen geht davon aus, dass die Einkommen innerhalb der gesamten Einkommensverteilung gleich stark sinken werden. In den Entwicklungsländern sind von den „Lockdown“-Maßnahmen jedoch viele Menschen betroffen, die im informellen Sektor oder in prekären Arbeitsverhältnissen arbeiten. Viele dieser Geringverdiener werden möglicherweise für einige Monate einen Großteil ihres Einkommens verlieren. Sie sind also überproportional benachteiligt, wodurch sich die Ungleichheit noch verstärkt. Der Rückgang des BIP kann sich also innerhalb der Einkommensverteilung unterschiedlich stark niederschlagen. Die Verteilungseffekte der Rezession müssen also berücksichtigt werden.

Da über die Verteilungseffekte noch keine Daten vorliegen, lässt sich nur simulieren, wie sich die Veränderungen der Ungleichheit auf die geschätzte Armut auswirken. Wenn die Ungleichheit gemessen am Gini-Index, einem Standardmaß zur Darstellung von Ungleichheit, weltweit um 1 Prozent ab- oder zunimmt, könnte die Zahl der zusätzlichen extrem Armen entsprechend 55 oder 85 Millionen betragen. Eine solche prozentuale Veränderung der Einkommensverteilung bewegt sich im Rahmen dessen, was in einem beliebigen Land innerhalb eines Jahres üblich ist. Der Unterschied zwischen den Zahlen würde sich auf etwa 40 bis 100 Millionen Menschen vergrößern, wenn die Veränderung der Ungleichheit in der Größenordnung von 2 Prozent liegt. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass sich die Ungleichheit in allen Ländern auf die gleiche Weise ändert ist sehr gering. Dennoch erhält man so eine Vorstellung von der Bandbreite der Ergebnisse, wenn man Veränderungen bei der Verteilung berücksichtigt: Sollte der Gini-Index um 2 Prozent sinken, könnte dies die Auswirkungen der Pandemie auf die globale Armut fast halbieren. Eine Steigerung um 2 Prozent würde sie um fast 50 Prozent verstärken.

Für die politischen Entscheidungsträger der Welt und vor allem für die entwicklungspolitischen Akteure ist daher nicht nur die aggregierte Auswirkung der Pandemie entscheidend, sondern auch die wichtige Rolle der Bekämpfung der Ungleichheit für die Abschwächung der wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen. Unsere Berechnungen zeigen, dass den Regierungen auch bei stagnierendem Wirtschaftswachstum eine außerordentliche Verantwortung zukommt. Sie müssen nicht nur antizyklisch handeln, um das Wachstum anzukurbeln – idealerweise mit Investitionen in eine ökologisch nachhaltige Weltwirtschaft – sondern auch die Lebensgrundlagen von Menschen in den unteren Einkommenssegmenten sicherstellen. Das beinhaltet insbesondere die Vertiefung und Ausweitung sozialer Sicherung, sowie die Stärkung weiterer Maßnahmen zur Bekämpfung von Ungleichheit, wie zum Beispiel progressiver Besteuerung und Investitionen in ländliche Infrastruktur. Politisches Handeln muss sich jetzt darauf konzentrieren, die ungleichen Auswirkungen der Pandemie abzumildern und dafür zu sorgen, dass die wirtschaftlichen Maßnahmen in ihrer Gesamtheit geeignet sind, Ungleichheit zu verringern.

Mario Negre ist Ökonom und Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter im Forschungsprogramm Transformation der Wirtschafts- und Sozialsysteme am Deutschen Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Daniel Gerszon Mahler is Ökonom und Young Professional in der Development Data Group der Weltbank

Christoph Lakner ist Senior Economist der Development Data Group bei der Weltbank.

Dieser Text ist Teil einer Sonderreihe unseres Formats Die aktuelle Kolumne, die die Folgen der Corona-Krise entwicklungspolitisch und sozioökonomisch einordnet. Sie finden die weiteren Texte hier auf unserer Überblicksseite.

Hvis pengene tages fra politiet i USA, hvad er konsekvenserne så?

DIIS - Fri, 06/19/2020 - 11:29
Efter drabet på George Floyd kalder demonstranter på vidtrækkende reformer af det amerikanske politi i form af bl.a. færre ressourcer og opgaver. Det helt store spørgsmål er dog, om det vil virke. Ifølge DIIS-forsker Peter Albrecht bør man se mod det globale syd for at forstå, hvorfor det ikke nødvendigvis er en god idé.

Growing inequality can worsen the pandemic’s effects

The impacts that Covid-19 has brought about in our daily lives are very apparent. Less apparent is the immediate implications of the pandemic for global poverty. The calculation of economic losses or reductions in gross domestic product (GDP) that are currently being estimated at around 5.2 percent globally may convey only a partial picture of the social and human costs. In fact, these calculations may suffer from a similar bias that many economic impact assessments of climate change have. Absolute losses often appear larger in wealthier areas simply because there is more to be lost in economic terms. In terms on the effects on livelihoods, however, impacts are going to hit vulnerable communities the hardest. Any net loss for them represents a larger share of their already limited income and the effects will be felt well beyond shocks to their income.

It is therefore important to assess the impact of the pandemic on global poverty and how this may affect our ability to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030 in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals. This is exactly what a team at the World Bank has done. Using a model jointly co-developed by DIE and the World Bank where we simulate global poverty up to 2030 and the role inequality changes could have in achieving that poverty goal, they estimate that roughly 70 million additional people will fall into extreme poverty worldwide because of the Covid-19 pandemic.

This is indeed worrying. Particularly considering that the income level at which a person is deemed extremely poor by global standards corresponds to the average poverty line of several of the poorest countries and is thus a very low benchmark. Indeed, having some extra 70 million living on less than around two dollars (to be precise USD 1.9 in 2011 purchasing power parity) per person per day is definitely a matter of concern. In addition to adding more that 10 percent to the roughly 600 million people already in extreme poverty, many more are also falling into the not-so-extreme poverty level above, which is still very poor.

Another key issue is how the global recession translates into decreased incomes for people in different parts of the income distribution. The additional 70 million poor estimated above assumes that everyone along the distribution sees their incomes fall at the same rate. However, in developing countries, lockdowns affect a lot of people working in the informal sector or with precarious jobs. Many of these low-income earners may see much of their income wiped out for a good few months. They will therefore be disproportionately impacted, thereby increasing inequality. If that is the case, decreases in GDP may translate into decreases in incomes at different rates across the distribution of incomes. This means that the distributional impacts of the recession need to be seriously taken into consideration.

Currently, we can only simulate how changes in inequality may affect the poverty estimate, since actual data on the distributional impacts are not available. If inequality decreases or increases by 1 percent in terms of the Gini index, a standard measure of inequality, the number of additional extreme poor could be 55 or 85 million, respectively. Such percentage changes in the distribution of income are within the range of what is common within a year for any given country. The numbers would widen to approximately 40-100 million people if changes in inequality were of the order of 2 percent. The possibility of all countries’ inequality changing in the exact same way is remote, but this provides an idea of the outcome range when changes in the distribution are considered: 2 percent reductions in the Gini can nearly halve the global poverty impact of the pandemic, while a 2 percent increase in the Gini coefficient can magnify its poverty impacts by almost 50 percent.

Beyond what the exact number of additional poor is, what should also matter for policy makers throughout the world and development actors in particular is the important role that tackling inequality can have in attenuating the economic and social effects of the pandemic. These estimates show that while economic growth may falter, governments have an extraordinary responsibility in terms of not only acting counter-cyclically to spur growth – ideally prioritising investments that facilitate a green transition in accordance with the Paris agreements– but also by consciously and aggressively supporting the livelihoods of people in the lower parts of the income distribution. This particularly involves deepening and expanding social protection as a priority, and strengthening other well known inequality-reducing policies like progressive taxation and investments in rural infrastructure.  Dampening the unequal effects of the pandemic and making sure that economic measures are, overall, inequality-reducing need to be at the core of the policy response.

Mario Negre is an economist and senior researcher with the programme Transformation of Economic and Social Systems at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Daniel Gerszon Mahler is an economist and a Young Professional in the Development Data Group at the World Bank.

Christoph Lakner is a Senior Economist with the Development Data Group at the World Bank.

This Current Column is part of a special series that is exploring the developmental and socioeconomic consequences of the corona crisis. You can find more articles like this on The Current Column’s overview page.

Growing inequality can worsen the pandemic’s effects

The impacts that Covid-19 has brought about in our daily lives are very apparent. Less apparent is the immediate implications of the pandemic for global poverty. The calculation of economic losses or reductions in gross domestic product (GDP) that are currently being estimated at around 5.2 percent globally may convey only a partial picture of the social and human costs. In fact, these calculations may suffer from a similar bias that many economic impact assessments of climate change have. Absolute losses often appear larger in wealthier areas simply because there is more to be lost in economic terms. In terms on the effects on livelihoods, however, impacts are going to hit vulnerable communities the hardest. Any net loss for them represents a larger share of their already limited income and the effects will be felt well beyond shocks to their income.

It is therefore important to assess the impact of the pandemic on global poverty and how this may affect our ability to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030 in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals. This is exactly what a team at the World Bank has done. Using a model jointly co-developed by DIE and the World Bank where we simulate global poverty up to 2030 and the role inequality changes could have in achieving that poverty goal, they estimate that roughly 70 million additional people will fall into extreme poverty worldwide because of the Covid-19 pandemic.

This is indeed worrying. Particularly considering that the income level at which a person is deemed extremely poor by global standards corresponds to the average poverty line of several of the poorest countries and is thus a very low benchmark. Indeed, having some extra 70 million living on less than around two dollars (to be precise USD 1.9 in 2011 purchasing power parity) per person per day is definitely a matter of concern. In addition to adding more that 10 percent to the roughly 600 million people already in extreme poverty, many more are also falling into the not-so-extreme poverty level above, which is still very poor.

Another key issue is how the global recession translates into decreased incomes for people in different parts of the income distribution. The additional 70 million poor estimated above assumes that everyone along the distribution sees their incomes fall at the same rate. However, in developing countries, lockdowns affect a lot of people working in the informal sector or with precarious jobs. Many of these low-income earners may see much of their income wiped out for a good few months. They will therefore be disproportionately impacted, thereby increasing inequality. If that is the case, decreases in GDP may translate into decreases in incomes at different rates across the distribution of incomes. This means that the distributional impacts of the recession need to be seriously taken into consideration.

Currently, we can only simulate how changes in inequality may affect the poverty estimate, since actual data on the distributional impacts are not available. If inequality decreases or increases by 1 percent in terms of the Gini index, a standard measure of inequality, the number of additional extreme poor could be 55 or 85 million, respectively. Such percentage changes in the distribution of income are within the range of what is common within a year for any given country. The numbers would widen to approximately 40-100 million people if changes in inequality were of the order of 2 percent. The possibility of all countries’ inequality changing in the exact same way is remote, but this provides an idea of the outcome range when changes in the distribution are considered: 2 percent reductions in the Gini can nearly halve the global poverty impact of the pandemic, while a 2 percent increase in the Gini coefficient can magnify its poverty impacts by almost 50 percent.

Beyond what the exact number of additional poor is, what should also matter for policy makers throughout the world and development actors in particular is the important role that tackling inequality can have in attenuating the economic and social effects of the pandemic. These estimates show that while economic growth may falter, governments have an extraordinary responsibility in terms of not only acting counter-cyclically to spur growth – ideally prioritising investments that facilitate a green transition in accordance with the Paris agreements– but also by consciously and aggressively supporting the livelihoods of people in the lower parts of the income distribution. This particularly involves deepening and expanding social protection as a priority, and strengthening other well known inequality-reducing policies like progressive taxation and investments in rural infrastructure.  Dampening the unequal effects of the pandemic and making sure that economic measures are, overall, inequality-reducing need to be at the core of the policy response.

Mario Negre is an economist and senior researcher with the programme Transformation of Economic and Social Systems at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Daniel Gerszon Mahler is an economist and a Young Professional in the Development Data Group at the World Bank.

Christoph Lakner is a Senior Economist with the Development Data Group at the World Bank.

This Current Column is part of a special series that is exploring the developmental and socioeconomic consequences of the corona crisis. You can find more articles like this on The Current Column’s overview page.

Growing inequality can worsen the pandemic’s effects

The impacts that Covid-19 has brought about in our daily lives are very apparent. Less apparent is the immediate implications of the pandemic for global poverty. The calculation of economic losses or reductions in gross domestic product (GDP) that are currently being estimated at around 5.2 percent globally may convey only a partial picture of the social and human costs. In fact, these calculations may suffer from a similar bias that many economic impact assessments of climate change have. Absolute losses often appear larger in wealthier areas simply because there is more to be lost in economic terms. In terms on the effects on livelihoods, however, impacts are going to hit vulnerable communities the hardest. Any net loss for them represents a larger share of their already limited income and the effects will be felt well beyond shocks to their income.

It is therefore important to assess the impact of the pandemic on global poverty and how this may affect our ability to eradicate extreme poverty by 2030 in accordance with the Sustainable Development Goals. This is exactly what a team at the World Bank has done. Using a model jointly co-developed by DIE and the World Bank where we simulate global poverty up to 2030 and the role inequality changes could have in achieving that poverty goal, they estimate that roughly 70 million additional people will fall into extreme poverty worldwide because of the Covid-19 pandemic.

This is indeed worrying. Particularly considering that the income level at which a person is deemed extremely poor by global standards corresponds to the average poverty line of several of the poorest countries and is thus a very low benchmark. Indeed, having some extra 70 million living on less than around two dollars (to be precise USD 1.9 in 2011 purchasing power parity) per person per day is definitely a matter of concern. In addition to adding more that 10 percent to the roughly 600 million people already in extreme poverty, many more are also falling into the not-so-extreme poverty level above, which is still very poor.

Another key issue is how the global recession translates into decreased incomes for people in different parts of the income distribution. The additional 70 million poor estimated above assumes that everyone along the distribution sees their incomes fall at the same rate. However, in developing countries, lockdowns affect a lot of people working in the informal sector or with precarious jobs. Many of these low-income earners may see much of their income wiped out for a good few months. They will therefore be disproportionately impacted, thereby increasing inequality. If that is the case, decreases in GDP may translate into decreases in incomes at different rates across the distribution of incomes. This means that the distributional impacts of the recession need to be seriously taken into consideration.

Currently, we can only simulate how changes in inequality may affect the poverty estimate, since actual data on the distributional impacts are not available. If inequality decreases or increases by 1 percent in terms of the Gini index, a standard measure of inequality, the number of additional extreme poor could be 55 or 85 million, respectively. Such percentage changes in the distribution of income are within the range of what is common within a year for any given country. The numbers would widen to approximately 40-100 million people if changes in inequality were of the order of 2 percent. The possibility of all countries’ inequality changing in the exact same way is remote, but this provides an idea of the outcome range when changes in the distribution are considered: 2 percent reductions in the Gini can nearly halve the global poverty impact of the pandemic, while a 2 percent increase in the Gini coefficient can magnify its poverty impacts by almost 50 percent.

Beyond what the exact number of additional poor is, what should also matter for policy makers throughout the world and development actors in particular is the important role that tackling inequality can have in attenuating the economic and social effects of the pandemic. These estimates show that while economic growth may falter, governments have an extraordinary responsibility in terms of not only acting counter-cyclically to spur growth – ideally prioritising investments that facilitate a green transition in accordance with the Paris agreements– but also by consciously and aggressively supporting the livelihoods of people in the lower parts of the income distribution. This particularly involves deepening and expanding social protection as a priority, and strengthening other well known inequality-reducing policies like progressive taxation and investments in rural infrastructure.  Dampening the unequal effects of the pandemic and making sure that economic measures are, overall, inequality-reducing need to be at the core of the policy response.

Mario Negre is an economist and senior researcher with the programme Transformation of Economic and Social Systems at the German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE).

Daniel Gerszon Mahler is an economist and a Young Professional in the Development Data Group at the World Bank.

Christoph Lakner is a Senior Economist with the Development Data Group at the World Bank.

This Current Column is part of a special series that is exploring the developmental and socioeconomic consequences of the corona crisis. You can find more articles like this on The Current Column’s overview page.

Information and communication technology in the lives of forcibly displaced persons in Kenya

This report examines how forcibly displaced persons use information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Kenya. Focusing on the role and potential of ICT with regard to mobility and inclusion, this paper studies the needs of forcibly displaced persons and seeks to understand how technology could help to meet these needs. The study identifies success factors concerning the deployment of ICT services, which potentially support the lives of forcibly displaced persons. Based on this analysis, we formulate policy recommendations for organisations who want to deploy ICT services for forcibly displaced persons in Kenya. Since living conditions and access to technology differ in urban, rural and camp environments, the research was conducted in Nairobi, the Tana Delta County and Kakuma Refugee Camp. Our results are based on data collected through a mixed-method approach. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 90 forcibly displaced persons in Nairobi, Kakuma Refugee Camp and the Tana Delta County. Twenty-four organisations providing ICT services in Kenya were interviewed to provide a practitioners’ perspective. The creation of the interview guides and the codebook for the analysis were developed based on the e-governance framework developed by Verdegem and Verleye, who have identified important conditions for a successful uptake of ICT services, namely awareness, perception, access and usability.
Primary policy and practice recommendations include:
- Organisations should avoid doing with ICTs what is already efficiently done in-person. For example, in Kakuma people just walk to the clinics, and are happy to do so. There is not a need for a digital health information solution in this instance – this frees up organizations to focus on using ICTs to solve problems that cannot be effectively solved in-person. These findings indicate critically thinking about ‘digital by default’ strategies.
- For things like health information and education, organizations can take advantage of existing networks that communities have established on platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook. The main advantage that NGOs and refugee organizations can bring in this case is helping make sure information is valid, and helping community organizations prevent rumours from spreading. Indeed, a major risk with health information in particular is that anyone can say anything on a social network, so helping communities validate information is critical.
- We learned through the interviews that refugees’ awareness of different organizations’ online tools was limited. Generating a user base starts with awareness-raising strategies, which appear to be successful through personal contacts. Going directly to a village or to a certain community, and to work with community-based organisations and community leaders as ambassadors, appear to be the best option to reach out to the respective target group.

Information and communication technology in the lives of forcibly displaced persons in Kenya

This report examines how forcibly displaced persons use information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Kenya. Focusing on the role and potential of ICT with regard to mobility and inclusion, this paper studies the needs of forcibly displaced persons and seeks to understand how technology could help to meet these needs. The study identifies success factors concerning the deployment of ICT services, which potentially support the lives of forcibly displaced persons. Based on this analysis, we formulate policy recommendations for organisations who want to deploy ICT services for forcibly displaced persons in Kenya. Since living conditions and access to technology differ in urban, rural and camp environments, the research was conducted in Nairobi, the Tana Delta County and Kakuma Refugee Camp. Our results are based on data collected through a mixed-method approach. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 90 forcibly displaced persons in Nairobi, Kakuma Refugee Camp and the Tana Delta County. Twenty-four organisations providing ICT services in Kenya were interviewed to provide a practitioners’ perspective. The creation of the interview guides and the codebook for the analysis were developed based on the e-governance framework developed by Verdegem and Verleye, who have identified important conditions for a successful uptake of ICT services, namely awareness, perception, access and usability.
Primary policy and practice recommendations include:
- Organisations should avoid doing with ICTs what is already efficiently done in-person. For example, in Kakuma people just walk to the clinics, and are happy to do so. There is not a need for a digital health information solution in this instance – this frees up organizations to focus on using ICTs to solve problems that cannot be effectively solved in-person. These findings indicate critically thinking about ‘digital by default’ strategies.
- For things like health information and education, organizations can take advantage of existing networks that communities have established on platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook. The main advantage that NGOs and refugee organizations can bring in this case is helping make sure information is valid, and helping community organizations prevent rumours from spreading. Indeed, a major risk with health information in particular is that anyone can say anything on a social network, so helping communities validate information is critical.
- We learned through the interviews that refugees’ awareness of different organizations’ online tools was limited. Generating a user base starts with awareness-raising strategies, which appear to be successful through personal contacts. Going directly to a village or to a certain community, and to work with community-based organisations and community leaders as ambassadors, appear to be the best option to reach out to the respective target group.

Information and communication technology in the lives of forcibly displaced persons in Kenya

This report examines how forcibly displaced persons use information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Kenya. Focusing on the role and potential of ICT with regard to mobility and inclusion, this paper studies the needs of forcibly displaced persons and seeks to understand how technology could help to meet these needs. The study identifies success factors concerning the deployment of ICT services, which potentially support the lives of forcibly displaced persons. Based on this analysis, we formulate policy recommendations for organisations who want to deploy ICT services for forcibly displaced persons in Kenya. Since living conditions and access to technology differ in urban, rural and camp environments, the research was conducted in Nairobi, the Tana Delta County and Kakuma Refugee Camp. Our results are based on data collected through a mixed-method approach. Qualitative, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 90 forcibly displaced persons in Nairobi, Kakuma Refugee Camp and the Tana Delta County. Twenty-four organisations providing ICT services in Kenya were interviewed to provide a practitioners’ perspective. The creation of the interview guides and the codebook for the analysis were developed based on the e-governance framework developed by Verdegem and Verleye, who have identified important conditions for a successful uptake of ICT services, namely awareness, perception, access and usability.
Primary policy and practice recommendations include:
- Organisations should avoid doing with ICTs what is already efficiently done in-person. For example, in Kakuma people just walk to the clinics, and are happy to do so. There is not a need for a digital health information solution in this instance – this frees up organizations to focus on using ICTs to solve problems that cannot be effectively solved in-person. These findings indicate critically thinking about ‘digital by default’ strategies.
- For things like health information and education, organizations can take advantage of existing networks that communities have established on platforms like WhatsApp and Facebook. The main advantage that NGOs and refugee organizations can bring in this case is helping make sure information is valid, and helping community organizations prevent rumours from spreading. Indeed, a major risk with health information in particular is that anyone can say anything on a social network, so helping communities validate information is critical.
- We learned through the interviews that refugees’ awareness of different organizations’ online tools was limited. Generating a user base starts with awareness-raising strategies, which appear to be successful through personal contacts. Going directly to a village or to a certain community, and to work with community-based organisations and community leaders as ambassadors, appear to be the best option to reach out to the respective target group.

What the EU should do for democracy support in Africa: ten proposals for a new strategic initiative in times of polarisation

The EU has made democracy support a stronger aspect in its relations with African countries since 2002. However, a broad range of political and economic dynamics within as well as outside of Europe challenge democracy and its supporters: the rise of non-democratic countries such as China, challenges to democracy within the EU, and global autocratization trends, which include African countries. While posing new challenges the EU needs to react to, these trends also reinforce the importance of continued support and protection of democracy abroad. In light of this changed context, the EU will need to fundamentally adjust its strategic approach and instruments towards democracy support in Africa. Against this background, this paper discusses reasons for the EU to continue and even strengthen its democracy support in Africa: societal demands in Africa and regional democracy norms; the relationship between democracy and sustainable development as well as the new geostrategic competition. The paper analyses how the EU’s support for democracy and human rights in sub-Saharan Africa has developed over the last decades in terms of its understanding of democracy support as well as its substance. The paper concludes by making ten proposals for reforming the EU’s democracy support in Africa. The reform proposals relate to a new narrative and more strategic approach to democracy support in light of the changed geopolitical setting, to addressing megatrends more explicitly through democracy support or to reforming the EU’s institutional prerequisites.

What the EU should do for democracy support in Africa: ten proposals for a new strategic initiative in times of polarisation

The EU has made democracy support a stronger aspect in its relations with African countries since 2002. However, a broad range of political and economic dynamics within as well as outside of Europe challenge democracy and its supporters: the rise of non-democratic countries such as China, challenges to democracy within the EU, and global autocratization trends, which include African countries. While posing new challenges the EU needs to react to, these trends also reinforce the importance of continued support and protection of democracy abroad. In light of this changed context, the EU will need to fundamentally adjust its strategic approach and instruments towards democracy support in Africa. Against this background, this paper discusses reasons for the EU to continue and even strengthen its democracy support in Africa: societal demands in Africa and regional democracy norms; the relationship between democracy and sustainable development as well as the new geostrategic competition. The paper analyses how the EU’s support for democracy and human rights in sub-Saharan Africa has developed over the last decades in terms of its understanding of democracy support as well as its substance. The paper concludes by making ten proposals for reforming the EU’s democracy support in Africa. The reform proposals relate to a new narrative and more strategic approach to democracy support in light of the changed geopolitical setting, to addressing megatrends more explicitly through democracy support or to reforming the EU’s institutional prerequisites.

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