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On September 12, IPI and the Al-Babtain Cultural Foundation commemorated the 20th anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace and contemplated the path forward with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
“As we look back on those 20 years, in retrospect, the Declaration and Programme of Action can be seen in the context of a larger process that connects the Culture of Peace to the adoption of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development,” said IPI Vice President Adam Lupel.
“What both agendas recognize is that to achieve a sustainable peace, one needs to do more than end conflict or stop violence, one needs to build positive foundations for mutual respect, prosperity and broad-based inclusion,” he said.
Maria Fernanda Espinosa Garcés, the outgoing President of the General Assembly, noted that the time of the declaration’s adoption 20 years ago was a “high water mark of optimism” but now seemed “very remote indeed.” She lamented that recent years have been marked by “backsliding”.
“We have seen backsliding on international laws and norms, and a backlash against the agenda adopted 25 years ago,” Ms. Espinosa remarked, recalling the last year of the General Assembly. She noted that the impacts of this phenomenon are evident in “rising unilateralism, nationalist populism, and extremist ideologies” as well as in pushback against “hard-won multilateral agreements and institutions and in the loss of trust between people, governments, and institutions.”
Ms. Espinosa cautioned that “a positive, dynamic, participatory process, where dialogue is encouraged and conflict resolved in a spirit of mutual understanding,” is, as she put it, “sorely needed.”
Despite Ms. Espinosa’s emphasis on “the headwinds facing multilateralism,” she noted with optimism that the international community had still been able to accept what she regards as “the most ambitious, wide-ranging set of Sustainable Development Goals.” But she added that efforts to achieve the 2030 Agenda will require continued dedication to a culture of peace.
Anwarul K. Chowdhury, Founder of the Global Movement for The Culture of Peace, recalled the origins of the Declaration and Programme of Action on a Culture of Peace, as well as his involvement in the negotiations that led to the document. “In simple terms,” Mr. Chowdhury explained, “the culture of peace means that every one of us needs to consciously make peace and non-violence a part of our daily existence.”
Elaborating, Mr. Chowdhury said, “we should not isolate peace as something separate or distant,” especially from our own lives, because to do so would downplay the role of individuals in creating a culture of peace. “When we talk about peace, we expect others, such as diplomats and politicians, to take the initiative. But when we speak of a culture of peace, we know that action begins with each one of us.”
Mr. Chowdhury concluded his remarks with an outline of three key approaches to “bolstering the global movement for the culture of peace.” He first highlighted the importance of education and the role that educational institutions must play in creating “responsible and productive global citizens.” He then turned to the significance of youth and children to a culture of peace, urging that early childhood is the best time to “sow the seeds of a culture of peace.” Lastly, Mr. Chowdhury explained the significance of women, advising that “without peace, development cannot be realized. Without development, peace is not achievable. But without women, neither peace nor development is possible.”
Masud Bin Momen, Permanent Representative of Bangladesh to the UN, responded to Mr. Chowdhury’s emphasis on education and underscored the part that Bangladesh has played in promoting education for a culture of peace. He explained that “from the birth of our nation, we have invested a lot in education and literacy.” Mr. Bin Momen continued, “the challenge, not for Bangladesh alone but for all countries, is trying to inculcate the culture of peace in the mind of our children,” especially when the media environment is seen as promoting violence.
Jimena Leiva Roesch, Senior Fellow at IPI, voiced an optimistic view of the potential for a culture of peace, suggesting that “in this moment of troubled times, sometimes our innate mechanism is to shut down, but truly what we explore at IPI is that this time also offers a moment of greater self-awareness.” Ms. Leiva Roesch, reflecting on the passing of the 2030 Agenda, said, “things were transforming and changing, and it really did feel like the world as a whole was moving as one. Fast forwarding four years into the present,” she acknowledged, “we’re in a dark time, but this time also brings treasures of self-awareness and continued challenges to our cultural narratives,” which may open the door for the further cultivation of a culture of peace.
DIW-Präsident Marcel Fratzscher kommentiert die heutigen Beschlüsse des EZB-Rats:
Die EZB hat viele auf dem falschen Fuß erwischt und mit ihrer Entscheidung überrascht. Die Entscheidung ist ein starkes Signal, dass die EZB ihr Mandat ernst nimmt und sich von politischem Druck nicht beeinflussen lässt, sondern ihre Unabhängigkeit schützt. Sie hat mit ihrer Entscheidung einen unvermeidbaren Kurswechsel vollzogen. Die EZB hatte vor dem Hintergrund der schwachen europäischen Wirtschaft und der viel zu niedrigen Inflationserwartungen keine andere Wahl, als die Geldpolitik zu lockern. Die erneuten Anleihenkäufe und das Versprechen, die Zinsen so lange niedrig zu halten, bis die EZB ihr Mandat der Preisstabilität erfüllt, dürfte viele weitere Jahre der Nullzinsen bedeuten. Das beschlossene Paket reduziert den Erwartungsdruck an die künftige EZB-Präsidentin Christine Lagarde, bald nach Amtsantritt handeln zu müssen. Die Bundesregierung sollte die Aufforderung der EZB ernst nehmen, selbst durch eine expansivere Finanzpolitik auch ihren Beitrag zur wirtschaftlichen Stabilität in Deutschland und Europa zu leisten. Deutschland will diese Hilfe nicht leisten – zum Beispiel indem es die Investitionen erhöht und seinen Handelsüberschuss herunterfährt -, andere Länder können es nicht. Deutschland ist mit seiner exzessiven Ersparnis mit verantwortlich für die niedrigen Zinsen. Nicht die EZB, sondern Politik und Regulierung sind verantwortlich um die Nebenwirkungen der Geldpolitik zu adressieren.Vera Zipperer, who works at the Climate Policy department, has successfully defended her dissertation at the Technische Universität Berlin.
The dissertation with the title "Creating innovation incentives through environmental policies: An economic analysis" was supervised by Prof. Karsten Neuhoff, Ph.D. (DIW Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin) and Prof. Simone Borghesi, Ph.D. (European University Institute).
We congratulate Vera on her success and wish her all the best for her future career.
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In her new memoir, The Education of an Idealist, former American ambassador to the United Nations Samantha Power says the question she heard most frequently during her three and a half years in the post was “what can one person do?”
In a September 11th Distinguished Author Series event at IPI featuring the book, Ms. Power posited a response to that question. “Shrink the change,” she said. “Even when you can’t come up with a big solution, there may well be something, however modest, you can do. Throughout history, the big solutions usually come through incremental change.”
She acknowledged that when confronting problems that seem too daunting to be solved, “small measures… can seem like a cop out.” But she asserted, “If you think about what is in the reach of our individual power to address, I think it’s actually a very useful frame. If you add up all those small steps that can be taken, that’s where you start to make real inroads.”
The observation was a sobering one coming from Ms. Power, a bold and vocal rights advocate in the years before she went into government as President Obama’s human rights adviser and then as UN ambassador. The Education of an Idealist is a book about whether an activist outsider can become a pragmatic insider without compromising her motivating ideals.
It is an unusually personal narrative for a foreign policy book, with Ms. Power detailing the uprooting of her family life in the passage to America from Ireland when she was nine, her lifelong guilt over a cherished hard-drinking father who was left behind in Dublin and died young, her interactions for years with counsellors and therapists to overcome debilitating anxiety attacks, her reliance in the male-dominated National Security world upon a support group of fellow professional women called the Wednesday Group, and her efforts to balance the simultaneous responsibilities to nation and to two young children.
She said her aspiration in “telling a very personal story is to try to break through and tell a story that people can relate to irrespective of whether they’ve ever worked in the halls of power or ever negotiated at the UN.”
In answer to questions, she deplored the Trump Administration’s decision to exit the Iran nuclear agreement, pointing out that it was “international law” since it had been approved by the UN Security Council and was an accord “that all independent verifiers had judged to have been complied with.” She said the effect of the US walking away from the deal was “uniting the rest of the world against the Trump Administration’s policy.”
On the Obama Administration’s much criticized inaction on Syria’s chemical weapons attacks on its own people in 2013, she conceded that the US “utterly failed” both to produce a negotiated solution and to reach people in enclaves that were surrounded by Syrian regime troops. But she noted that the US, working with Jordan, Australia, Luxembourg, The United Kingdom, France and Russia, was able to bring assistance to people in the opposition-held northern part of the country. “A pittance compared to what was necessary,” she said, “but preferable to the lamentation that you were tempted to end up in, you know, where you weren’t able to just say, ‘Is there anything against this bleak backdrop that can be hived off, where there is scope to forge an agreement, any place where there is scope to make inroads?’”
She said that she had made it a point in office to visit every country’s mission at the UN and was told in many of them that she was the first American permanent representative to ever appear there. On those calls, she said, “nothing was more unsettling than my conversations with ambassadors whose countries were threatened with extinction as a result of climate change.”
Asked if the US could recover its lapsed reputation for international leadership, she said, “I think the fastest route to recovery is not only a victory in 2020, but a margin of victory that allows us to make the claim that it isn’t just a changing of the guard, but it is a repudiation of the comprehensive approach which is one that traffics in falsehoods, one that doesn’t see the value of alliances, that doesn’t see the preciousness of our values as a source of strength in the world, whatever our limitations.”
She warned that this recovery could take time, given the conduct of the US in the international sphere over the past three years. “It’s going to sound tinny when we talk to other governments about the importance of respecting a free media, the importance of free assembly, the importance of civilian control of the military, of respecting dissenting viewpoints, the importance of facts and truth and credibility. We will have to redeem these past years.”
Wirtschaftswachstum sinkt in diesem Jahr auf 0,5 Prozent – Starker Binnenkonsum kann schwache Nachfrage aus dem Ausland noch abfedern – Globale Konflikte und Unsicherheiten lasten auch auf der weltweiten Konjunktur – In Deutschland sollte eine nachhaltige Investitionsagenda den Standort zukunftssicher machen und den sozialen Zusammenhalt stärken
Deutschlands wirtschaftliches Fundament bröckelt bedenklich: Die Produktionsleistung der auf den Export spezialisierten deutschen Industrie sinkt seit nunmehr einem Jahr deutlich. Es fehlt vor allem die Nachfrage aus dem europäischen Ausland – allen voran aus dem Vereinigten Königreich und Italien. Bisher stützt eine kräftige Binnennachfrage die Wirtschaft: Dank der günstigen Beschäftigungsentwicklung und der Finanzspritze für die privaten Haushalte zu Jahresbeginn – beispielsweise mit der paritätischen Finanzierung der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung oder der Erhöhung des Kindergelds – weiteten diese ihren Konsum kräftig aus. Auch die Unternehmen investierten zumindest im ersten Vierteljahr noch rege in den Ausbau ihrer Produktionskapazitäten, und die Bauwirtschaft vermeldete erneut einen Rekord bei den Auftragsbeständen. Allein deshalb rechnet das DIW Berlin in diesem Jahr überhaupt noch mit einem Wirtschaftswachstum von 0,5 Prozent. In den kommenden beiden Jahren dürften sich – vorausgesetzt die erheblichen politischen Risiken materialisieren sich nicht – die Wachstumsraten mit jeweils 1,4 Prozent in etwa in der Größenordnung des Trendwachstums bewegen.
Der Ausbau von erneuerbaren Energien hat in Deutschland lange nur eine Richtung gekannt: steil nach oben. Jüngst ist er aber ins Stocken geraten, speziell der Windkraftausbau ist längst nicht mehr so dynamisch wie früher und nicht so, wie er sein sollte, damit Deutschland seine Ausbauziele für Erneuerbare und seine Klimaziele erreicht. In diesem Kontext werden Privat-abgesicherte PPAs (Power Purchase Agreements, also Langfristverträge) für Wind- und Solarenergie in der Branche eifrig diskutiert, erste Verträge wurden hierzulande bereits abgeschlossen. Diese Verträge sichern überwiegend für ältere Windkraftanlagen, die nach 20 Jahren nicht mehr im EEG gefördert werden, die Erlöse für zwei bis fünf Jahre ab, damit Reinvestitionen in die Verlängerung der Lebenszeit finanziert werden können. Können PPAs auch öffentliche Vergütungsmechanismen für Neuanlagen ersetzen? Analysen zeigen, dass das keineswegs der Fall ist.
In September 2018, more than 100 UN member states signed a Declaration of Shared Commitments as part of the secretary-general’s Action for Peacekeeping (A4P) initiative. The declaration was intended to rally member states to address urgent challenges facing contemporary peacekeeping operations. But one year later, the declaration has not yet translated into concrete action by member states, limiting tangible results for missions on the ground.
This issue brief takes stock of progress by the UN and member states in implementing A4P over the past year and looks at where there is momentum and where additional political attention is needed. There is consensus that A4P has helped reaffirm the value of peacekeeping. It also provides a roadmap for incremental reform, a platform for sharing good practices, and a framework for identifying progress. Moving forward, however, it needs to be more than a package of preexisting UN priorities; it needs to become a platform through with the secretary-general sets a new approach to strengthening peacekeeping.