We use new data on political connections from the World Bank Enterprise Surveys to examine the impact of connections on firms’ participation in global value chains (GVCs) for six MENA countries (Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt, the West Bank and Gaza, Jordan, and Lebanon). In addition to political connections, we construct several measures of “political influence” based on available data on lobbying and grand corruption. We also explore whether political connections help firms overcome barriers to trade and investment and increase their participation in GVCs at the extensive and intensive margins. Our findings suggest that political connections do matter for firms’ GVC participation. The impact is more pronounced for firms that combine political connections with informal payments to influence policymaking. Our findings on the significance of trade and investment barriers for GVC participation for different categories of firms’ political influence are – however – inconclusive.
Die Monopolkommission hat heute ihre Sektorgutachten zu den Bereichen Telekommunikation und Post gemeinsam mit der Bundesnetzagentur (BNetzA) vorgestellt. Tomaso Duso, Leiter der Abteilung Unternehmen und Märkte im DIW Berlin und Mitglied der Monopolkommission, kommentiert:
Die Bundesregierung hat sich zu Recht ehrgeizige Gigabit-Ziele gesetzt. Die digitale Infrastruktur ist die Grundvoraussetzung dafür, dass Deutschland bei der digitalen Transformation endlich vorankommt. Allerdings muss im Interesse der Endnutzer*innen in dieser kritischen Phase darauf geachtet werden, dass diese Märkte langfristig für den Wettbewerb offenbleiben und nicht durch kurzfristige Entscheidungen monopolisiert werden. Infrastrukturwettbewerb sollte weiterhin möglich bleiben, und die Glasfasernetze sollten durch einen frei verhandelten und wettbewerbsfreundlichen Netzzugang („Open Access“) weitgehend geöffnet werden. Neben dem Ausbauwettbewerb ist auch der Preiswettbewerb wichtig; ein Verbot des Überbaus von Glasfasernetzen ist nicht zielführend. Im Mobilfunkbereich sollten die demnächst auslaufenden Mobilfunkfrequenzen um maximal drei Jahre verlängert werden. Die dadurch entstehenden Wettbewerbsverzerrungen sollten allerdings durch wettbewerbsfördernde Auflagen ausgeglichen werden.Die Weltgemeinschaft hat sich auf der UN-Klimakonferenz COP 28 in Dubai auf eine Abschlusserklärung geeinigt. Energieexpertin Claudia Kemfert, Leiterin der Abteilung Energie, Verkehr, Umwelt im DIW Berlin, kommentiert dieses Einigung wie folgt:
Die COP28-Klimakonferenz war reines Greenwashing. Dies bestätigt allein schon die Abschlusserklärung. Es ist kein "historisches Paket", wie der Konferenzpräsident behauptet – weder im positiven noch im negativen Sinne. „Abkehr“ statt „Ausstieg aus fossilen Energien“ – das ist der anscheinend maximal zu erreichende Minimalkonsens der Weltstaatengemeinschaft. Ein Umstieg ist kein Ausstieg aus fossilen Energien. Die hier gewählten Wortgirlanden lassen zu viele Schlupflöcher, zu viele Hintertüren offen, damit weiterhin fossile Energien genutzt werden können. Zwar ist die Einigung weniger schlimm als der ursprünglich vorgelegte Beschlussentwurf erwarten ließ, aber dennoch unzureichend, um dringend notwendige Klimaziele zu erreichen. Die jetzige Einigung spiegelt nicht die Dringlichkeit wider, die benötigt wird, um aus fossilen Energien auszusteigen und die Emissionen so schnell wie möglich zu senken. Nur eine Verpflichtung zum sofortigen Ausstieg aus fossilen Energien hätte dazu führen können, dass die Klimaziele erreicht werden. Mit dieser Einigung wird das 1,5-Grad-Ziel kaum mehr erreichbar sein.Die Bundesregierung hat sich auf einen Haushalt für das kommende Jahr geeinigt. DIW-Präsident Marcel Fratzscher kommentiert die Entscheidung wie folgt:
Humanitarian organizations have repeatedly called attention to the challenges that counterterrorism resolutions and UN sanctions regimes can pose to humanitarian action. In response, the council has progressively incorporated language that better takes into consideration international humanitarian law (IHL), international human rights law (IHRL), humanitarian principles, and the need to protect principled humanitarian action from the potential negative consequences of sanctions and counterterrorism measures. Most notably, in December 2022, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2664, which provides a cross-cutting humanitarian exemption to asset freezes under all its sanctions regimes, including the 1267 counterterrorism regime against ISIL/al-Qaida, to safeguard the timely and effective conduct of humanitarian activities.
In this context, IPI and the Konrad Adenauer Foundation Office in New York hosted a closed-door, hybrid roundtable on November 14, 2023, to assess the implementation and impact of Resolution 2664, including its potential application to counterterrorism measures. This roundtable provided a platform for exchanges between humanitarian organizations, member states, the UN Secretariat, civil society organizations, and independent experts, including those based in Geneva and New York.
There was broad agreement among participants that Resolution 2664 is a milestone achievement representing a fundamental policy shift within the Security Council. However, the resolution does not resolve all obstacles facing humanitarian actors seeking to provide aid in contexts where sanctions from the UN and autonomous regimes, as well as counterterrorism measures, apply. Participants thus provided the following recommendations on how to continue to safeguard principled humanitarian action:
The UN Security Council is expected to renew MONUSCO’s mandate on December 20, 2023. The upcoming negotiations will unfold against the backdrop of the government of the Democratic Republic of the Congo’s (DRC) request to the Security Council on September 1, 2023, for the mission’s accelerated withdrawal to commence at the end of 2023; the government and the mission’s signing in November of a disengagement plan to implement this accelerated withdrawal; and the general elections, slated for December 20, 2023. The past two months have also seen renewed fighting between the Armed Forces of the DRC (FARDC), the M23 rebel group, and other armed groups. The Nairobi and Luanda peace processes were disrupted by the resumption of hostilities and heightened tension between the DRC and Rwanda. The security and humanitarian conditions continue to worsen in the eastern provinces of the DRC, with persistent threats to human rights and the protection of civilians.
In this context, the International Peace Institute (IPI), Security Council Report, and the Stimson Center cohosted a roundtable discussion on November 21, 2023, to reflect on MONUSCO’s mandate renewal. This roundtable offered a platform for member states, UN officials, civil society stakeholders, and independent experts to share their assessments of the situation in the DRC in a frank and collaborative manner. The discussion was intended to help the Security Council make more informed decisions with respect to the prioritization and sequencing of MONUSCO’s mandate, as well as the mission’s strategic orientation and actions on the ground as it prepares for a drawdown.
Given the context of MONUSCO’s transition and withdrawal in the coming months, the mission will likely need to balance the following issues:
Ocean sustainability initiatives – in research, policy, management and development – will be more effective in delivering comprehensive benefits when they proactively engage with, invest in and use social knowledge. We synthesize five intervention areas for social engagement and collaboration with marine social scientists, and in doing so we appeal to all ocean science disciplines and non-academics working in ocean initiatives in industry, government, funding agencies and civil society. The five social intervention areas are: (1) Using ethics to guide decision-making, (2) Improving governance, (3) Aligning human behavior with goals and values, (4) Addressing impacts on people, and (5) Building transdisciplinary partnerships and co-producing sustainability transformation pathways. These focal areas can guide the four phases of most ocean sustainability initiatives (Intention, Design, Implementation, Evaluation) to improve social benefits and avoid harm. Early integration of social knowledge from the five areas during intention setting and design phases offers the deepest potential for delivering benefits. Later stage collaborations can leverage opportunities in existing projects to reflect and learn while improving impact assessments, transparency and reporting for future activities.
Ocean sustainability initiatives – in research, policy, management and development – will be more effective in delivering comprehensive benefits when they proactively engage with, invest in and use social knowledge. We synthesize five intervention areas for social engagement and collaboration with marine social scientists, and in doing so we appeal to all ocean science disciplines and non-academics working in ocean initiatives in industry, government, funding agencies and civil society. The five social intervention areas are: (1) Using ethics to guide decision-making, (2) Improving governance, (3) Aligning human behavior with goals and values, (4) Addressing impacts on people, and (5) Building transdisciplinary partnerships and co-producing sustainability transformation pathways. These focal areas can guide the four phases of most ocean sustainability initiatives (Intention, Design, Implementation, Evaluation) to improve social benefits and avoid harm. Early integration of social knowledge from the five areas during intention setting and design phases offers the deepest potential for delivering benefits. Later stage collaborations can leverage opportunities in existing projects to reflect and learn while improving impact assessments, transparency and reporting for future activities.