Von Renke Schmacker
Hoher Zuckerkonsum wird mit Adipositas, Diabetes Typ II und Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen in Verbindung gebracht. Viele Menschen leiden an diesen Krankheiten, die hohe Kosten für die Gesundheitssysteme verursachen. Daher wird immer häufiger die Forderung nach einer Zuckersteuer laut, auch in Deutschland. Einige Länder haben bereits eine Steuer auf zuckerhaltige Getränke eingeführt und daraus lassen sich einige Lehren ziehen. Der Konsum der besteuerten Getränke ging in den betroffenen Ländern merklich zurück, jedoch wurde teilweise auf andere ungesunde Produkte ausgewichen – sogenannte Substitutionseffekte. Die Tatsache, dass eine solche Steuer niedrige Einkommen proportional stärker belastet als hohe, wiegt weniger schwer, wenn man progressive Gesundheitseffekte berücksichtigt. Insgesamt scheint eine proportionale Steuer auf den Zuckergehalt gut geeignet, da sie den Produzenten Anreize gibt, den Zuckergehalt in ihren Produkten zu reduzieren.
Amelie Schiprowski, who is a member of the DIW Graduate Center, has successfully defended her dissertation at the University of Potsdam.
The dissertation with the title "Four Empirical Essays on the Economics of Job Search" was supervised by Prof. Dr. Marco Caliendo (University of Potsdam) and Prof. Dr. Peter Haan (DIW Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin).
We congratulate Amelie on her success and wish her all the best for her future career!
Nils May, who works at the department of Climate Policy, has successfully defended his dissertation at the Technische Universität Berlin.
The dissertation with the title "The Economics of Financing and Integrating Renewable Energies" was supervised by Prof. Karsten Neuhoff, Ph.D. (DIW Berlin, Technische Universität Berlin) and Prof. Dr. Rolf Wüstenhagen (University of St.Gallen).
We congratulate Nils on his success and wish him all the best for his future career!
Wie viel Umverteilung Bürgerinnen und Bürger in der Gesellschaft möchten, hängt von sozioökonomischen Faktoren und ihren Ansichten über Gerechtigkeit ab. Diese Studie, basierend auf einer in Schweden durchgeführten, repräsentativen Umfrage, bestätigt frühere Ergebnisse: Demnach nimmt der Wunsch nach Umverteilung mit steigendem Einkommen ab, bevorzugen Frauen im Durchschnitt mehr Umverteilung als Männer, und wünschen ältere Menschen sich mehr Umverteilung als jüngere. Ansichten zu Gerechtigkeit und Altruismus spielen ebenfalls eine Rolle. Die Studie zeigt zusätzlich und zum ersten Mal, dass auch individuelle Unterschiede in der Bereitschaft, Risiko einzugehen, mit Präferenzen für Umverteilung korrelieren. Menschen, die Risiko scheuen, wünschen sich demnach mehr Umverteilung als risikofreudigere Menschen. Die Ergebnisse helfen zu verstehen, welche Politik von welchen Bevölkerungsgruppen unterstützt wird.
Der vollständige Bericht von Manja Gärtner und Johanna Mollerstrom im DIW Wochenbericht 18/2018
Frau Gärtner, Sie haben untersucht, wovon es abhängt, ob Menschen der staatlichen Umverteilung eher positiv oder negativ gegenüberstehen. Intuitiv würde man annehmen, dass Wohlhabende und Vielverdiener, der Umverteilung eher ablehnend gegenüberstehen. Bestätigen das Ihre Ergebnisse?
Ja, Menschen die ein höheres Einkommen haben, wollen weniger Umverteilung. Das ist vielleicht keine Überraschung. Allerdings können wir zeigen, dass nicht nur Eigeninteresse eine Rolle spielt, sondern zum Beispiel auch Ideen von Gerechtigkeit. [...]
Das Interview mit Manja Gärtner wurde im DIW Wochenbericht 18/2018 veröffentlicht. Hier gibt es das Interview als PDF-Dokument und als Podcast
Die Große Koalition will das Rentenniveau bei 48 Prozent und den Beitragssatz dabei zugleich bei 20 Prozent fixieren – und prompt tobt mal wieder ein heftiger Streit um die Finanzierbarkeit der Rente. Der Regierungsvorschlag sei „unbezahlbar“ und führe zu Mehrkosten von geschätzt 125 Milliarden Euro im Jahr 2048, so eine kürzlich erschienene Studie. Um das aus Steuermitteln zu finanzieren, müsste beispielsweise die Mehrwertsteuer auf 26 Prozent angehoben werden. Schreck! [...]
Der vollständige Kommentar von Johannes Geyer aus dem DIW Wochenbericht 18/2018
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IPI Senior Visiting Fellow Alexandra Novosseloff told an IPI policy forum that aviation assets, the United Nations’ second biggest expenditure after personnel, were chronically shortchanged in mission planning, making them the “Achilles heel” of UN peacekeeping. “Ultimately it’s not UN rules that are the problem, it’s the persistent lack of needed assets and capabilities combined with the reluctance to use them that causes problems,” said Dr. Novosseloff, author of an IPI report on how UN missions’ air assets are organized, generated, managed, tasked, controlled, and commanded.
“As these expensive assets are scarce, relative to the large size of the territories covered, and often lack all the required capabilities, there is a chronic shortage of military air assets and, in particular, helicopters, in peacekeeping operations,” she said. “The financial pressure has already led some missions to further ‘rationalize’–meaning ‘reduce’–the use of their air assets, and the effect is that missions are less mobile and more constrained.”
She spoke at a May 1st IPI policy forum to launch the report, co-sponsored by the Permanent Missions of Bangladesh and Norway to the UN. Tareq Md. Ariful Islam, Bangladesh’s Deputy Permanent Representative, opened the meeting by noting the importance of aviation in gathering peacekeeping intelligence, protecting civilians, and assuring the security of peacekeepers. But, he added, “The deployment of air assets is fraught with a number of challenges, both practical and procedural.”
May-Elin Stener, the Deputy Permanent Representative of Norway, singled out three specific problems. She said that the Secretariat should play a greater role in matchmaking for multinational rotation contributions, that cost-saving decisions to travel over land rather than by air should be reconsidered, given the increasing number of attacks on patrols and logistical convoys, and that air threat assessments by UN missions ought to be strengthened and better aligned with the judgments of the troop-contributing countries (TCCs).
One reform Dr. Novosseloff suggested was using national or regional aviation capacity for logistical tasks through partnerships with national companies in addition to subcontracting to international companies who have less local knowledge. Arguing for a more efficient approach to making the assets more applicable to the task at hand, she cited a negative example. “Why equip helicopters with night vision when they are not allowed to fly at night by the host nation?” she asked. “Requirements should be more realistic regarding the capacities of contributing countries.”
Air Commodore Muhammad Mafidur Rahman of the Bangladesh Air Force suggested that troop contributing countries be included in the original preparation and drafting of mandates to improve operational coordination so that there is a “realistic” assessment beforehand of their ability to contribute assets. This would set a “more congenial” atmosphere and create needed “mutual trust and respect,” he said.
Gregory Pece, chief of the Air Transport Section, Logistics Support Division of the UN Department of Field Support (DFS), related that his challenge in enhancing the cost effectiveness and efficiency of UN aviation was not about “doing more with less or the same with less but doing less with less—this is the financial environment in which we live.”
He enumerated a series of cost saving measures to meet military requirements, determine the capabilities of aircraft, crew and equipment, and track the movement of people and cargo. Getting them approved and installed would depend in part on getting the most reliable data possible, he said. “We need to come up with consistent, presentable, clear modes of presenting data so we can look at utilization.”
Jorge Jackson, chief of air operations at the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS), said air operations in Africa had improved in the five years he has been with UNMISS but that improvisation was always necessary given the state of infrastructure on the continent. “Aviation is an interesting tool, but aviation is not the problem solver,” he said. “We have to realize that what we see here from the headquarters, when you go to the ground, it is something else.”
Patrick Cammaert, a retired Dutch Major General with command experience in UN peacekeeping missions in Africa and Eastern Europe, told of past experiences where UN missions lacked the means to do the assigned job. “We all know that criteria for success for a peacekeeping mission is an achievable mandate and the resources to match,” he said.
IPI Vice President Adam Lupel moderated the discussion and in a concluding comment acknowledged that air assets for UN operations are too often “taken for granted. But,” he said, “if you dig a little bit below the surface–or above the surface as the case may be–you see that this is a topic with broad consequences, not just for UN peacekeeping, but for UN strategic effectiveness at large.”
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A broad-based mediation plan in South Sudan to try to forge peace after violence devastated the country between 2013 and 2015 unraveled in a year, plunging the country back into conflict. On April 30th, IPI and the Permanent Mission of Finland to the United Nations held a policy forum to discuss the subject and launch a new report A Poisoned Well: Lessons in Mediation from South Sudan’s Troubled Peace Process that assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the mediation architecture and the role played by the individuals and institutions that tried with little success to put it in place.
Reviewing the lapsed process, Jouni Laaksonen, the Deputy Permanent Representative of Finland, said his country put a high premium on making it more inclusive. “The inclusive approach to peacebuilding is necessary for the achievement of permanent results, and sustaining peace requires the involvement of all actors, from different parts of society,” he said.
The report focused on the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), the eight-nation bloc of African countries that led the mediation effort, along with other national and international actors. This network of regional interests, while welcome in principle, frequently broke down in practice, said the author of the report, Zach Vertin, Visiting Lecturer at Princeton’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs.
“Mediators were not sufficiently empowered by their own bosses,” he said, “so when the process stalled, which was often, it would require the heads of state from the entire region to convene. This ate up huge amounts of time and resources and slowed the process at critical moments. Now this sustained commitment from high-level actors was important in a theoretical sense but at the same time had effectively undercut the mediators in the eyes of the parties.”
Two other critical roadblocks, Mr. Vertin said, were a failure to achieve consensus on the scope and nature of the problem and an absence of political will among the various sides in the struggle. He explained, “The parties themselves and South Sudan’s warring combatants not only lacked the will to make peace, there were often a number of them very hostile to the very idea of a negotiated settlement.” He said it raised the question of “how do outside actors compel a mediated resolution of a conflict between two parties bent on war?”
One specific failure he identified was not imposing an arms embargo on the fighters, in effect fueling more violence at the same time that peacemakers were trying to quell it.
Mr. Vertin spent the years 2013 to 2016 in South Sudan and Sudan, both as a US diplomat and an adviser to IGAD, and he said the experience left him pondering a larger question. “Is there a formula that couples regional players and their comparative advantage with other mediation expertise?”
Jok Madut Jok, Executive Director of The Sudd Institute and a resident of South Sudan, wondered if putting so much authority in the hands of outsiders and experts didn’t end up producing a “peace agreement, but no peace and stability in the real lives of people.” He also questioned how effectively they prioritized the needs of the local people over their own national ambitions.
He asked, “How can regional leaders who are mediating the situation in South Sudan be prevented from looking at South Sudan purely from the point of view of their own view, political interests? …How is it going to be possible to prevent them from only looking at the conflict from the point of view of how it affects them, and not necessarily from the perspective of what the South Sudanese need that peace agreement to look like?”
He added that he was skeptical of the value of global engagement in general in South Sudan because too often the South Sudanese exploited international assistance and took no action on their own to resolve conflict, assured that “the outside world would always bail them out.”
François Grignon, the Department of Peacekeeping Operations team leader for South Sudan since 2011, said the mediation process there had exposed the weakness of too much reliance on “textbook” remedies rather than ones developed to suit the realities of the country. “Unless we succeed to adapt our instruments to have leverage on the actors of the violence,” he said, “we will continue to struggle with mediation or with the peace process, which will miss the point, because it follows textbooks, or because it follows templates, which…may not be necessarily relevant and efficient and effective in addressing the specifics of this situation.”
“So,” he said, “maybe there’s another way to do it–civil engagement, civil activity. South Sudanese are so divided that they are afraid of each other. That if they are ever going to have a say in who rules them, then rebuilding those ethnic relations across the board is going to be the only way they can actually speak about removing a president and installing a transitional government up to the time when you will have elections.”
IPI Research Fellow Sarah Taylor was the moderator.
The Grassrootsmobilise Research Programme funded by the European Research Council (ERC) and hosted at the Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP) invites you to a discussion on:
“Religion and Secularism: does the Court go too far – or not far enough?”on Thursday 3rd May 2018 at 17.30, at the Amphitheatre of the Acropolis Museum.
Participants:
Professor Eva Brems, Professor of Human Rights Law, Ghent University
Judge Ann Power-Forde, Former Judge at the European Court of Human Rights
Judge Christos Rozakis, Professor Emeritus of Public International Law at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; Former Judge and Vice-President of the European Court of Human Rights
Professor Joseph H. H. Weiler, Joseph Straus Professor of Law, European Union Jean Monnet Chaired Professor, New York University (NYU)
Chair: Effie Fokas, Senior Research Fellow, Hellenic Foundation for European and Foreign Policy (ELIAMEP)
The event will be held in English with simultaneous interpretation into Greek.
Certificates of participation will be available upon request.
The Public Event will be followed by a Conference on:
“Between state and citizen: Religion at the ECtHR”on Friday 4th May 2018 at 09.30-19.00, at Aigli Zappeiou.
REGISTRATION required for conference participation by 27 April 2018.