Diplomacy & Defense Think Tank News

Ecological fiscal transfers (EFT) transfer public revenue between governments within a country based on ecological indicators. EFT can compensate subnational governments for the costs of conserving ecosystems and in principle can incentivize greater ecological conservation. We review established EFT in Brazil, Portugal, France, China and India, and emerging or proposed EFT in ten more countries. We analyse common themes related to EFT emergence, design and effects. EFT have grown rapidly from US$0.35 billion yr−1 in 2007 to US$23 billion yr−1 in 2020. We discuss the scope of opportunity to expand EFT to other countries by ‘greening’ intergovernmental fiscal transfers.

Ecological fiscal transfers (EFT) transfer public revenue between governments within a country based on ecological indicators. EFT can compensate subnational governments for the costs of conserving ecosystems and in principle can incentivize greater ecological conservation. We review established EFT in Brazil, Portugal, France, China and India, and emerging or proposed EFT in ten more countries. We analyse common themes related to EFT emergence, design and effects. EFT have grown rapidly from US$0.35 billion yr−1 in 2007 to US$23 billion yr−1 in 2020. We discuss the scope of opportunity to expand EFT to other countries by ‘greening’ intergovernmental fiscal transfers.

Discussions on the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have intensified over the last few years, and the often uncoordinated trade-policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic further highlight the need to strengthen multilateral trade cooperation. The chapter discusses which roles the G20 can play in the increasingly dynamic and overlapping discussions on reform-ing the WTO – not least in the light of the fact that the group’s members have been actively submitting multiple proposals for WTO reform.

Discussions on the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have intensified over the last few years, and the often uncoordinated trade-policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic further highlight the need to strengthen multilateral trade cooperation. The chapter discusses which roles the G20 can play in the increasingly dynamic and overlapping discussions on reform-ing the WTO – not least in the light of the fact that the group’s members have been actively submitting multiple proposals for WTO reform.

Discussions on the reform of the World Trade Organization (WTO) have intensified over the last few years, and the often uncoordinated trade-policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic further highlight the need to strengthen multilateral trade cooperation. The chapter discusses which roles the G20 can play in the increasingly dynamic and overlapping discussions on reform-ing the WTO – not least in the light of the fact that the group’s members have been actively submitting multiple proposals for WTO reform.

Die forschungsbasierte Infrastruktureinrichtung Sozio-oekonomisches Panel (SOEP) im DIW Berlin sucht zum nächstmöglichen Zeitpunkt eine/n

Projektmitarbeiter/in Teilzeit (9 h/Woche)

befristet bis zum 30.11.2021

Die am DIW Berlin angesiedelte forschungsbasierte Infrastruktureinrichtung Sozio-oekonomisches Panel (SOEP) sucht zum nächstmöglichen Zeitpunkt eine/n

Systemadministrator (w/m/div) (Vollzeit)

Die am DIW Berlin angesiedelte forschungsbasierte Infrastruktureinrichtung Sozio-oekonomisches Panel (SOEP) sucht zum nächstmöglichen Zeitpunkt eine/n

Full Stack Developer / SoftwareentwicklerIn (w/m/div) (Vollzeit)

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong, accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions and mechanisms to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs.
Given their legal mandates, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can play a key role in the implementation and follow-up of the SDGs. However, so far, this role has been scarcely acknowledged by governments in their Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.International practice shows that NHRIs play a more active role in providing information for SDG implementation than indicated in the VNRs. For instance, they collect and provide data and build capacities of national institutions. However, NHRIs are rarely represented in national bodies established to oversee SDG implementation. Yet, their ability to support the SDG process increases when they collaborate with the government, get information about SDG policy planning and receive the opportunity to demand explanations about “why” certain policies are adopted and “how” they shall contribute to successful SDG implementation. It is important to note, though, that preconditions for NHRI engagement vary considerably according to country contexts. To strengthen national horizontal accountability in general, and to ensure a human-rights-based approach in implementing the SDGs across all sectors of development, it will be important to:
- Establish NHRIs that are compliant with the Paris Principles. The pace of progress for establishing NHRIs is too slow. Currently, only half of all countries will achieve SDG indicator 16.a.1 (Existence of independent NHRIs in compliance with the Paris Principles) by 2030. The UN and other international organisations should assist gov-ernments in establishing institutions to be in conformity with the Paris Principles and to enable their effective and independent operation.
- Ensure an independent voice for NHRIs. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, fundamental freedoms need to be protected. This allows non-state actors and independent state oversight agencies such as NHRIs to criticise government action and demand human rights in SDG implementation. This will also contribute to the direct implementation of SDG target 16.10 on the protection of fundamental freedoms.
- Enable the participation of NHRIs in national SDG oversight bodies. As a first step, it is necessary that NHRIs themselves raise awareness of their relevant role for better accountability of governments’ SDG implementation among national stakeholders. National governments should include NHRIs in the national SDG infrastructure by ensuring their representation in national SDG oversight bodies or government advisory committees.
- Improve VNR reporting. Governments should make sure to adequately reflect in VNR reporting the role played by NHRIs and assess what they can contribute to national SDG implementation and monitoring.

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong, accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions and mechanisms to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs.
Given their legal mandates, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can play a key role in the implementation and follow-up of the SDGs. However, so far, this role has been scarcely acknowledged by governments in their Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.International practice shows that NHRIs play a more active role in providing information for SDG implementation than indicated in the VNRs. For instance, they collect and provide data and build capacities of national institutions. However, NHRIs are rarely represented in national bodies established to oversee SDG implementation. Yet, their ability to support the SDG process increases when they collaborate with the government, get information about SDG policy planning and receive the opportunity to demand explanations about “why” certain policies are adopted and “how” they shall contribute to successful SDG implementation. It is important to note, though, that preconditions for NHRI engagement vary considerably according to country contexts. To strengthen national horizontal accountability in general, and to ensure a human-rights-based approach in implementing the SDGs across all sectors of development, it will be important to:
- Establish NHRIs that are compliant with the Paris Principles. The pace of progress for establishing NHRIs is too slow. Currently, only half of all countries will achieve SDG indicator 16.a.1 (Existence of independent NHRIs in compliance with the Paris Principles) by 2030. The UN and other international organisations should assist gov-ernments in establishing institutions to be in conformity with the Paris Principles and to enable their effective and independent operation.
- Ensure an independent voice for NHRIs. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, fundamental freedoms need to be protected. This allows non-state actors and independent state oversight agencies such as NHRIs to criticise government action and demand human rights in SDG implementation. This will also contribute to the direct implementation of SDG target 16.10 on the protection of fundamental freedoms.
- Enable the participation of NHRIs in national SDG oversight bodies. As a first step, it is necessary that NHRIs themselves raise awareness of their relevant role for better accountability of governments’ SDG implementation among national stakeholders. National governments should include NHRIs in the national SDG infrastructure by ensuring their representation in national SDG oversight bodies or government advisory committees.
- Improve VNR reporting. Governments should make sure to adequately reflect in VNR reporting the role played by NHRIs and assess what they can contribute to national SDG implementation and monitoring.

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong, accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions and mechanisms to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs.
Given their legal mandates, national human rights institutions (NHRIs) can play a key role in the implementation and follow-up of the SDGs. However, so far, this role has been scarcely acknowledged by governments in their Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) on the implementation of the 2030 Agenda.International practice shows that NHRIs play a more active role in providing information for SDG implementation than indicated in the VNRs. For instance, they collect and provide data and build capacities of national institutions. However, NHRIs are rarely represented in national bodies established to oversee SDG implementation. Yet, their ability to support the SDG process increases when they collaborate with the government, get information about SDG policy planning and receive the opportunity to demand explanations about “why” certain policies are adopted and “how” they shall contribute to successful SDG implementation. It is important to note, though, that preconditions for NHRI engagement vary considerably according to country contexts. To strengthen national horizontal accountability in general, and to ensure a human-rights-based approach in implementing the SDGs across all sectors of development, it will be important to:
- Establish NHRIs that are compliant with the Paris Principles. The pace of progress for establishing NHRIs is too slow. Currently, only half of all countries will achieve SDG indicator 16.a.1 (Existence of independent NHRIs in compliance with the Paris Principles) by 2030. The UN and other international organisations should assist gov-ernments in establishing institutions to be in conformity with the Paris Principles and to enable their effective and independent operation.
- Ensure an independent voice for NHRIs. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, fundamental freedoms need to be protected. This allows non-state actors and independent state oversight agencies such as NHRIs to criticise government action and demand human rights in SDG implementation. This will also contribute to the direct implementation of SDG target 16.10 on the protection of fundamental freedoms.
- Enable the participation of NHRIs in national SDG oversight bodies. As a first step, it is necessary that NHRIs themselves raise awareness of their relevant role for better accountability of governments’ SDG implementation among national stakeholders. National governments should include NHRIs in the national SDG infrastructure by ensuring their representation in national SDG oversight bodies or government advisory committees.
- Improve VNR reporting. Governments should make sure to adequately reflect in VNR reporting the role played by NHRIs and assess what they can contribute to national SDG implementation and monitoring.

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs.
As representatives of the people, parliaments should play a key role in localising the 2030 Agenda and holding governments accountable to their commitments. Over recent years, some progress has been made in enabling parliaments around the world to fulfil their accountability functions. Most notably, almost half of the countries that presented Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) between 2016 and 2019 reported that capacity-building events took place to inform members of parliament about the SDGs, and parliaments are being increasingly consulted by governments in the process of preparing the VNRs.
However, in addition to a lack of awareness about the 2030 Agenda, several factors constrain parliaments’ SDG accountability function. In many countries, parliamentarians lack access to the data needed to assess governments’ SDG performance, and only a few governments have committed to regularly report on SDG progress beyond the VNRs. Furthermore, only in a third of countries has responsibility
for the SDGs been clearly assigned within the structures of parliament itself. In addition, thus far, parliaments have only been weakly involved in processes of localising the SDGs through the adoption of national SDG implementation strategies and the development of national priority goals and indicators. In general, legislatures’ ability to hold governments accountable has decreased amidst recent autocratisation trends.
Good practices to overcome these obstacles include the use of digital tools to increase the transparency of governments’ fiscal behaviour vis-à-vis parliament and the creation of discursive formats to foster parliament–government dialogues about sustainability transformation. Peer learning will play an important role in disseminating information about such empowering practices among parliamentarians worldwide.
More importantly, however, national governments need to recognise parliaments as critical actors in the SDG process. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, peer pressure by the international community, pressure by independent media and NGOs, and the support of UN agencies will be necessary to strengthen the role of parliaments in promoting SDG accountability.
Parliaments themselves should seek to establish dedicated SDG committees with formal powers to undertake in-depth examinations of government action as well as legislation. This will also contribute to the continuity of parliamentary SDG activities beyond electoral cycles.

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs.
As representatives of the people, parliaments should play a key role in localising the 2030 Agenda and holding governments accountable to their commitments. Over recent years, some progress has been made in enabling parliaments around the world to fulfil their accountability functions. Most notably, almost half of the countries that presented Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) between 2016 and 2019 reported that capacity-building events took place to inform members of parliament about the SDGs, and parliaments are being increasingly consulted by governments in the process of preparing the VNRs.
However, in addition to a lack of awareness about the 2030 Agenda, several factors constrain parliaments’ SDG accountability function. In many countries, parliamentarians lack access to the data needed to assess governments’ SDG performance, and only a few governments have committed to regularly report on SDG progress beyond the VNRs. Furthermore, only in a third of countries has responsibility
for the SDGs been clearly assigned within the structures of parliament itself. In addition, thus far, parliaments have only been weakly involved in processes of localising the SDGs through the adoption of national SDG implementation strategies and the development of national priority goals and indicators. In general, legislatures’ ability to hold governments accountable has decreased amidst recent autocratisation trends.
Good practices to overcome these obstacles include the use of digital tools to increase the transparency of governments’ fiscal behaviour vis-à-vis parliament and the creation of discursive formats to foster parliament–government dialogues about sustainability transformation. Peer learning will play an important role in disseminating information about such empowering practices among parliamentarians worldwide.
More importantly, however, national governments need to recognise parliaments as critical actors in the SDG process. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, peer pressure by the international community, pressure by independent media and NGOs, and the support of UN agencies will be necessary to strengthen the role of parliaments in promoting SDG accountability.
Parliaments themselves should seek to establish dedicated SDG committees with formal powers to undertake in-depth examinations of government action as well as legislation. This will also contribute to the continuity of parliamentary SDG activities beyond electoral cycles.

Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda will require strong accountable institutions. Since no global compliance mechanisms are in place, member states need to establish or use their own institutions to be held accountable for SDG implementation. In July 2021, governments, civil society and the private sector will gather at the annual UN High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development (HLPF) to take stock of progress on the 17 SDGs. The event provides an opportunity to assess progress made in the establishment of national-level accountability frameworks for the SDGs.
As representatives of the people, parliaments should play a key role in localising the 2030 Agenda and holding governments accountable to their commitments. Over recent years, some progress has been made in enabling parliaments around the world to fulfil their accountability functions. Most notably, almost half of the countries that presented Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs) between 2016 and 2019 reported that capacity-building events took place to inform members of parliament about the SDGs, and parliaments are being increasingly consulted by governments in the process of preparing the VNRs.
However, in addition to a lack of awareness about the 2030 Agenda, several factors constrain parliaments’ SDG accountability function. In many countries, parliamentarians lack access to the data needed to assess governments’ SDG performance, and only a few governments have committed to regularly report on SDG progress beyond the VNRs. Furthermore, only in a third of countries has responsibility
for the SDGs been clearly assigned within the structures of parliament itself. In addition, thus far, parliaments have only been weakly involved in processes of localising the SDGs through the adoption of national SDG implementation strategies and the development of national priority goals and indicators. In general, legislatures’ ability to hold governments accountable has decreased amidst recent autocratisation trends.
Good practices to overcome these obstacles include the use of digital tools to increase the transparency of governments’ fiscal behaviour vis-à-vis parliament and the creation of discursive formats to foster parliament–government dialogues about sustainability transformation. Peer learning will play an important role in disseminating information about such empowering practices among parliamentarians worldwide.
More importantly, however, national governments need to recognise parliaments as critical actors in the SDG process. Amidst current autocratisation trends worldwide, peer pressure by the international community, pressure by independent media and NGOs, and the support of UN agencies will be necessary to strengthen the role of parliaments in promoting SDG accountability.
Parliaments themselves should seek to establish dedicated SDG committees with formal powers to undertake in-depth examinations of government action as well as legislation. This will also contribute to the continuity of parliamentary SDG activities beyond electoral cycles.

The challenge of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) puts the way in which we govern ourselves to the test. If we wanted to achieve the SDGs by 2030 by just using the governance structures of the pre-2015 world, we would end up in that world again, or even worse. For several years, our domestic political systems and the global governance architecture have been struggling to respond effectively to people’s changing needs and aspirations, as well as to present and future threats to our societies. The COVID-19 pandemic has further laid bare the deficiencies of how our societies, as well as humanity as a whole, deal with common and collective problems.

The challenge of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) puts the way in which we govern ourselves to the test. If we wanted to achieve the SDGs by 2030 by just using the governance structures of the pre-2015 world, we would end up in that world again, or even worse. For several years, our domestic political systems and the global governance architecture have been struggling to respond effectively to people’s changing needs and aspirations, as well as to present and future threats to our societies. The COVID-19 pandemic has further laid bare the deficiencies of how our societies, as well as humanity as a whole, deal with common and collective problems.

The challenge of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) puts the way in which we govern ourselves to the test. If we wanted to achieve the SDGs by 2030 by just using the governance structures of the pre-2015 world, we would end up in that world again, or even worse. For several years, our domestic political systems and the global governance architecture have been struggling to respond effectively to people’s changing needs and aspirations, as well as to present and future threats to our societies. The COVID-19 pandemic has further laid bare the deficiencies of how our societies, as well as humanity as a whole, deal with common and collective problems.

Die Europäische Union hat mit ihrem Green Deal ein Zeichen gesetzt: Der notwendige ökologische Umbau der Volkswirtschaften wird als Chance für die Modernisierung und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der europäischen Wirtschaft erkannt. Das bricht mit einer noch immer weit verbreiteten Sicht, der zufolge die Wirtschaft nur florieren könne, wenn Umweltauflagen möglichst gering seien und Umweltschutz eher nachsorgenden Charakter haben sollte, um Umweltschäden nachträglich teilweise zu kompensieren.  

Kluge Strukturpolitik zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass sie zukünftige Marktbedingungen antizipiert und die heimische Wirtschaft dahingehend lenkt und fördert, sich auf diese Bedingungen einzustellen – im Idealfall bevor die Wettbewerber dies tun. Neben der Digitalisierung ist Umweltschutz derzeit der stärkste Treiber wirtschaftlichen Strukturwandels. Ein Beispiel: China erkannte schon vor gut 15 Jahren, dass die Elektrifizierung der Busflotten nicht nur eine der kostengünstigsten Maßnahmen ist, um die Feinstaubbelastung zu senken, sondern auch ein Wachstumsmarkt, weil irgendwann alle Großstädte der Welt diesen Weg gehen würden. Mit einer Mischung aus Regulierung, Forschungsförderung und Kaufprämien wurden Elektrobusse zur Serienreife gebracht. Chinas Anteil am Weltmarkt für Elektrobusse liegt heute bei 96%, Verkehrsverbünde aus aller Welt kaufen in China. Große Automobilnationen wie Deutschland haben diesen Trend verschlafen.   

Wie kann die internationale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ökologische Strukturpolitik fördern? Gerade arme Länder und Bevölkerungsgruppen werden nachhaltiges Wirtschaften nur akzeptieren und umsetzen, wenn sie darin ein zukunftsfähiges Wirtschaftsprogramm erkennen. Das spricht für eine systematische Verzahnung der traditionellen Handlungsfelder „Wirtschaftsförderung“ und „Umweltschutz“ – wie im Fall der chinesischen Elektrobusse. Damit könnte die deutsche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ein besonderes Profil ausbauen. Einige Beispiele:

Ein gutes Dutzend afrikanischer Länder mit guten Solar-, Wind- oder Geothermieressourcen könnten diese nutzen, um vor Ort energieintensive Industriecluster aufzubauen, insbesondere wenn sie die Stromerzeugung mit Elektrolyse zur Speicherung („grüner Wasserstoff“) verknüpfen. Sie könnten damit Industrien anziehen, die ihren CO2-Fußabdruck verkleinern müssen, wie z.B. die Autoindustrie, oder die Produktion von grünem Stahl und Zement voranbringen. Länder mit rasch wachsender städtischer Infrastruktur könnten sich auf klimafreundliches Bauen mit Holz, Lehm und anderen nachwachsenden Ressourcen spezialisieren und dadurch lokale Wirtschaftskreisläufe in Gang setzen, anstatt kapital- und energieintensiven Zement, Stahl und Aluminium zu verbauen. Indien könnte darin unterstützt werden, den U-Bahn-Bau weiter zu entwickeln, denn die Wachstumsmärkte hierfür liegen in den Megastädten des Südens. Aus bestehenden Umweltprogrammen zur Abfallvermeidung könnten solche werden, die Kreislaufwirtschaft zu einem beschäftigungsintensiven Wettbewerbsvorteil weiterentwickeln. Bio-ökonomische Innovationen – von Bioplastik aus Agrarabfällen bis hin zu innovativen Fleischersatzprodukten – könnten gefördert werden, um vor Ort industrielle Wertschöpfung und neue Märkte für die bäuerliche Landwirtschaft zu erschließen.

Eine wichtige Grundlage für all dies sind ökologische Fiskalreformen. Nur wenn Verschmutzung und Ressourcenverschwendung teurer werden, entstehen Anreize für die oben genannten Innovationen. Hier bietet sich derzeit eine große Chance für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Durch Mehrausgaben und Einnahmeausfälle in der Corona-Pandemie steigt weltweit die Notwendigkeit, Steuern zu erhöhen und Subventionen zu überdenken. Anstatt Arbeit oder Kapital stärker zu besteuern, ist dies der Moment, ökologische Lenkungssteuern auch in Partnerländern einzuführen und Subventionen auf fossile Energieträger abzuschaffen. Dieses sozialverträglich auszugestalten, muss zu einem Schwerpunkt der nächsten Legislaturperiode werden.

Von einer solchen Ausrichtung der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit auf ökologische Strukturpolitik würde ganz nebenbei auch die deutsche Wirtschaft profitieren; denn sie würde Märkte für innovative Umweltgüter und -dienstleistungen fördern, auf denen deutsche Unternehmen gut dastehen. Deren Expertise einzubinden, würde allen Beteiligten nützen. Die Vergangenheit hat gezeigt, wie klein der Spielraum dafür ist, hiesige Unternehmen durch Kreditsubventionen, Exportbeihilfen oder Hermes-Bürgschaften für Investitionen in den globalen Süden zu locken. Erfolgversprechender ist es, die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit mit dem europäischen Green Deal zu harmonisieren.

Die Europäische Union hat mit ihrem Green Deal ein Zeichen gesetzt: Der notwendige ökologische Umbau der Volkswirtschaften wird als Chance für die Modernisierung und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der europäischen Wirtschaft erkannt. Das bricht mit einer noch immer weit verbreiteten Sicht, der zufolge die Wirtschaft nur florieren könne, wenn Umweltauflagen möglichst gering seien und Umweltschutz eher nachsorgenden Charakter haben sollte, um Umweltschäden nachträglich teilweise zu kompensieren.  

Kluge Strukturpolitik zeichnet sich dadurch aus, dass sie zukünftige Marktbedingungen antizipiert und die heimische Wirtschaft dahingehend lenkt und fördert, sich auf diese Bedingungen einzustellen – im Idealfall bevor die Wettbewerber dies tun. Neben der Digitalisierung ist Umweltschutz derzeit der stärkste Treiber wirtschaftlichen Strukturwandels. Ein Beispiel: China erkannte schon vor gut 15 Jahren, dass die Elektrifizierung der Busflotten nicht nur eine der kostengünstigsten Maßnahmen ist, um die Feinstaubbelastung zu senken, sondern auch ein Wachstumsmarkt, weil irgendwann alle Großstädte der Welt diesen Weg gehen würden. Mit einer Mischung aus Regulierung, Forschungsförderung und Kaufprämien wurden Elektrobusse zur Serienreife gebracht. Chinas Anteil am Weltmarkt für Elektrobusse liegt heute bei 96%, Verkehrsverbünde aus aller Welt kaufen in China. Große Automobilnationen wie Deutschland haben diesen Trend verschlafen.   

Wie kann die internationale Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ökologische Strukturpolitik fördern? Gerade arme Länder und Bevölkerungsgruppen werden nachhaltiges Wirtschaften nur akzeptieren und umsetzen, wenn sie darin ein zukunftsfähiges Wirtschaftsprogramm erkennen. Das spricht für eine systematische Verzahnung der traditionellen Handlungsfelder „Wirtschaftsförderung“ und „Umweltschutz“ – wie im Fall der chinesischen Elektrobusse. Damit könnte die deutsche Entwicklungszusammenarbeit ein besonderes Profil ausbauen. Einige Beispiele:

Ein gutes Dutzend afrikanischer Länder mit guten Solar-, Wind- oder Geothermieressourcen könnten diese nutzen, um vor Ort energieintensive Industriecluster aufzubauen, insbesondere wenn sie die Stromerzeugung mit Elektrolyse zur Speicherung („grüner Wasserstoff“) verknüpfen. Sie könnten damit Industrien anziehen, die ihren CO2-Fußabdruck verkleinern müssen, wie z.B. die Autoindustrie, oder die Produktion von grünem Stahl und Zement voranbringen. Länder mit rasch wachsender städtischer Infrastruktur könnten sich auf klimafreundliches Bauen mit Holz, Lehm und anderen nachwachsenden Ressourcen spezialisieren und dadurch lokale Wirtschaftskreisläufe in Gang setzen, anstatt kapital- und energieintensiven Zement, Stahl und Aluminium zu verbauen. Indien könnte darin unterstützt werden, den U-Bahn-Bau weiter zu entwickeln, denn die Wachstumsmärkte hierfür liegen in den Megastädten des Südens. Aus bestehenden Umweltprogrammen zur Abfallvermeidung könnten solche werden, die Kreislaufwirtschaft zu einem beschäftigungsintensiven Wettbewerbsvorteil weiterentwickeln. Bio-ökonomische Innovationen – von Bioplastik aus Agrarabfällen bis hin zu innovativen Fleischersatzprodukten – könnten gefördert werden, um vor Ort industrielle Wertschöpfung und neue Märkte für die bäuerliche Landwirtschaft zu erschließen.

Eine wichtige Grundlage für all dies sind ökologische Fiskalreformen. Nur wenn Verschmutzung und Ressourcenverschwendung teurer werden, entstehen Anreize für die oben genannten Innovationen. Hier bietet sich derzeit eine große Chance für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit. Durch Mehrausgaben und Einnahmeausfälle in der Corona-Pandemie steigt weltweit die Notwendigkeit, Steuern zu erhöhen und Subventionen zu überdenken. Anstatt Arbeit oder Kapital stärker zu besteuern, ist dies der Moment, ökologische Lenkungssteuern auch in Partnerländern einzuführen und Subventionen auf fossile Energieträger abzuschaffen. Dieses sozialverträglich auszugestalten, muss zu einem Schwerpunkt der nächsten Legislaturperiode werden.

Von einer solchen Ausrichtung der Entwicklungszusammenarbeit auf ökologische Strukturpolitik würde ganz nebenbei auch die deutsche Wirtschaft profitieren; denn sie würde Märkte für innovative Umweltgüter und -dienstleistungen fördern, auf denen deutsche Unternehmen gut dastehen. Deren Expertise einzubinden, würde allen Beteiligten nützen. Die Vergangenheit hat gezeigt, wie klein der Spielraum dafür ist, hiesige Unternehmen durch Kreditsubventionen, Exportbeihilfen oder Hermes-Bürgschaften für Investitionen in den globalen Süden zu locken. Erfolgversprechender ist es, die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit mit dem europäischen Green Deal zu harmonisieren.