L'économiste et ancien Premier ministre du Bénin, Lionel Zinsou, a livré une analyse lucide sur les transformations nécessaires du financement du développement en Afrique de l'Ouest. C'est ce jeudi 12 juin 2025, lors de la première journée des BOAD Development Days à Lomé (Togo).
« Est-ce qu'on est légitime à réfléchir ensemble au financement du développement ? », interroge d'entrée Lionel Zinsou. Pour le banquier d'afaires, la réponse est désormais évidente : oui.
Grâce aux efforts conjoints des États, des institutions comme la BOAD, du secteur financier et des acteurs de la production, l'Union Économique et Monétaire Ouest-Africaine (UEMOA) a la légitimité pour penser son développement de façon créative.
L'ancien Premier ministre du Bénin rappelle que l'UEMOA affiche l'une des croissances les plus fortes au monde. « On est même en fait sur le plan mondial, l'une des rares zones très résilientes. Nous avons été pendant la période du Covid-19, l'une des seules zones au monde à ne pas être en récession », a-t-il rappelé.
Malgré cette résilience, Lionel Zinsou alerte sur les limites du système financier sous-régional. Il évoque des « pathologies » qui freinent le développement. L'économiste fait part d'un excès de dépôts non transformés en financement productif. « Nous avons en Afrique subsaharienne, un système financier qui réussit à collecter beaucoup plus de dépôts qu'il ne fait de crédits. Ce qu'un système financier est normalement en charge de délivrer, c'est de la transformation où on prend des ressources d'épargne et on les multiplie et on essaye d'en faire des moyens de financement moyen terme. Vous ne pouvez pas avoir un des systèmes bancaires les plus liquides et riches en ressources en réalité très stables et les transformer en crédit court terme », a relevé Lionel Zinsou. L'ancien Premier du Bénin a aussi noté une faible orientation du crédit vers le secteur privé, qui ne capte que 11 % du PIB ; une concentration excessive sur les entreprises publiques au détriment des entreprises et de l'agriculture, de l'énergie et du logement.
Vue partielle des participantsFinancer autrement et surtout autre chose
Pour Zinsou, il ne suffit pas de corriger les défaillances. Il faut aussi redéfinir les priorités. Il insiste notamment sur l'importance de diriger les ressources vers l'agriculture durable et l'énergie, deux piliers selon lui intimement liés et stratégiques pour la création de l'emploi. Dans une économie moderne, soutient-il, le plus grand consommateur d'énergie, c'est l'agriculture.
Lionel Zinsou plaide également pour un meilleur financement des ménages, notamment dans le logement, encore largement sous-financé, malgré une demande forte liée à la croissance démographique.
Le banquier d'affaires salue les efforts pionniers de la BOAD, qui amorce une nouvelle dynamique de financement, mais souligne que le changement ne pourra réussir qu'avec l'implication de l'ensemble du système financier africain, du secteur public comme du privé. « On va financer autrement et on va le faire avec les acteurs qui veulent le faire », a déclaré l'ancien Premier ministre béninois.
Organisée les 12 et 13 juin 2025 à Lomé, la première édition des BOAD Development Days rassemble des experts, décideurs, acteurs du secteur privé et partenaires techniques et financiers autour du financement de la transition énergétique et de l'agriculture durable.
Akpédjé Ayosso
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Gépágyúlövészet függeszkedésből.
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Töltött 19-es M261 indító elölről...(a középső négy csőből kilógó rakéták orr-részén látható "köldökzsinór" biztosíték általában a résztöltet hordozására alkalmas változatokat jelöli, mint például a célmegjelölő WP, vagy a MPSM illetve annak gyakorlója)
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Zord
Greenpeace banner sign against deep sea mining at UNOC3 in Nice on June 11, 2025. Credit: Greenpeace
By Kizito Makoye
NICE, France, Jun 13 2025 (IPS)
The third United Nations Ocean Conference (UNOC3) concluded today in Nice with an urgent call for governments to translate bold words into concrete action to protect the world’s oceans. Co-hosted by France and Costa Rica, the summit brought together more than 15,000 participants, including 50 heads of state and government, civil society leaders, scientists, youth, and Indigenous communities in an 11-day event hailed as both a milestone for ocean diplomacy and a test of global resolve.
“This conference has been a resounding success,” said Olivier Poivre d’Arvor, France’s Special Envoy for the Ocean. “We close not just with hope, but with concrete commitments, clear direction, and undeniable momentum.”
Costa Rica’s Foreign Minister Arnoldo André Tinoco emphasized the breadth of participation and the centrality of science in shaping decisions. “Together with France, we worked toward an action-oriented conference where all actors are represented and where finance and science go hand in hand,” he said.
Under-Secretary-General Li Chunhua, the Secretary-General of the conference, stressed the need for implementation: “The real test is not what we said here but what we do next. The wave of change has formed. Now, it is our collective responsibility to propel it forward.”
Key Outcomes and Announcements
One of the most anticipated achievements of the conference was progress on the High Seas Treaty—officially known as the Biodiversity Beyond National Jurisdiction (BBNJ) Agreement. With 51 ratifications confirmed and 60 needed for entry into force, the treaty promises to enable the creation of marine protected areas in international waters, a crucial tool to achieving the goal of protecting 30% of the world’s ocean by 2030.
Additionally, 800 new voluntary commitments were registered across the 10 multi-stakeholder Ocean Action Panels, addressing issues from marine pollution and deep-sea ecosystems to ocean finance and the role of Indigenous peoples.
New and strengthened initiatives launched at UNOC3 include:
The One Ocean Finance Facility is aimed at closing the multi-billion-dollar funding gap for ocean conservation.
The European Ocean Pact, which reinforces regional cooperation for sustainable ocean management.
The Ocean Rise and Coastal Resilience Coalition, supporting vulnerable communities on the frontlines of sea-level rise.
The conference also saw mounting support for a moratorium on deep-sea mining, with four more nations joining the call, bringing the total to 37. “More and more countries are listening to science and the demands of youth for their common heritage over commercial interests,” Tinoco noted.
Civil Society: ‘Fine Words Must Now Translate into Action’
Despite these commitments, environmental groups expressed frustration that the conference stopped short of stronger legally binding decisions, especially on deep-sea mining.
“We’ve heard lots of fine words here in Nice, but these need to turn into tangible action,” said Megan Randles, head of Greenpeace’s delegation. “Countries must be brave and make history by committing to a moratorium on deep-sea mining at next month’s International Seabed Authority (ISA) meeting.”
Randles welcomed the ratification progress of the High Seas Treaty but said governments “missed the moment” to take firmer steps against industries threatening marine ecosystems. “The deep sea should not become the wild west,” she added, referencing UN Secretary-General António Guterres’ recent remarks.
Activists also stressed the importance of upcoming negotiations for a Global Plastics Treaty, resuming in Geneva this August. Ninety-five governments signed the “Nice Call for an Ambitious Plastics Treaty,” but concerns remain that lobbying from oil and petrochemical interests could water down the deal.
“The world cannot afford a weak treaty dictated by oil-soaked obstructionists,” said John Hocevar, Oceans Campaign Director at Greenpeace USA. “Governments need to show that multilateralism still works for people and the planet, not the profits of a greedy few.”
Indigenous Voices and Ocean Justice
Coastal and Indigenous communities were visibly present throughout the conference, particularly in the “Green Zone” in La Valette, which welcomed more than 100,000 visitors and hosted grassroots events, youth forums, and artistic exhibitions.
Nichanan Thantanwit, Project Leader at the Ocean Justice Project, highlighted the continued marginalization of traditional ocean custodians: “There is no ocean protection without the people who have protected it all along. Governments must recognize small-scale fishers and Indigenous peoples as rights-holders and secure their role in ocean governance.”
She also called for an end to destructive industrial practices like bottom trawling and harmful aquaculture, which she said “drive ecological collapse and human rights violations.”
Mixed Reviews for France’s Leadership
While French President Emmanuel Macron reiterated his call for a deep-sea mining moratorium—calling it “an international necessity”—some ”conservationists argued that France failed to fully lead by example.
“This was France’s moment, but instead of making a splash, its impact was more of a ripple,” said Enric Sala, National Geographic Explorer in Residence and founder of Pristine Seas. “We heard many policymakers speak about what needs to be done—yet few took the bold steps necessary to protect the ocean.”
Sala did praise governments that announced new fully protected marine areas but said the conference was “heavy on rhetoric, light on resolve.”
What to expect
The anticipated “Nice Ocean Action Plan,” a political declaration accompanied by voluntary commitments, will be released later today. Although non-binding, it is expected to influence key decisions at the ISA meeting in July and the Global Plastics Treaty talks in August.
Chunhua announced that South Korea and Chile have expressed readiness to host the next UN Ocean Conference. “We want the positive momentum generated in Nice to amplify even further in UNOC4,” he said.
As UNOC3 closes, the spirit of the event remains optimistic—but its legacy will depend on what happens next.
As Greenpeace’s Randles put it, “This must not be where it ends. It must be where it truly begins.”
IPS UN Bureau Report
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Clermont School of Business s'impose comme une référence forte dans le domaine de l'enseignement supérieur, offrant aux étudiants une formation d'excellence adaptée aux exigences du marché global. Grâce à une approche pédagogique innovante et un réseau dynamique d'anciens élèves, l'école accompagne ses étudiants vers des carrières prometteuses.
Une présence renforcée en Afrique : engagement pour le continent
Dans le cadre de son ambition <> Clermont School of Business a inauguré en 2024 son premier centre d'enseignement africain à Marrakech, affirmant ainsi son engagement envers l'éducation et l'insertion professionnelle des jeunes africains.
L'école propose :
Des témoignages inspirants d'anciens étudiants
Les anciens élèves de Clermont School of Business témoignent de l'impact positif de leur formation sur leur parcours professionnel :
Titouan : « Excellente école qui allie parfaitement période de stage et cours. Très bon suivi des étudiants par l'administration. Nombreuses associations très motivées comme l'ISC. Je recommande très fortement. »
Raphaël : « Belle évolution professionnelle grâce à une bonne formation. Une mention spéciale pour les spécialisations de 3e année qui permettent de construire une spécialité en phase avec son projet professionnel. »
Mohamed : « Expérience très enrichissante, je ne pouvais imaginer mieux. Corps administratif à l'écoute et professeurs très compétents. Infrastructure moderne. On se sent rapidement comme à la maison. »
Participez à notre conférence en ligne !
Dans cet esprit, Clermont School of Business invite le public à participer à sa Journée Portes Ouvertes en ligne dédiée aux élèves, étudiants et parents d'Afrique.
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Amina Langa planting mangrove seedling on the Indian Ocean's coast. Credit: WWF
By Kizito Makoye
NICE, France, Jun 13 2025 (IPS)
Just before dawn, a flotilla of wooden canoes drifts silently through mangrove-tangled channels where roots sprout from the black mud of the lagoon. Here, at the edge between sea and forest, lies a story of restoration.
The Northern Mozambique Channel (NMC) is a stretch of water and a rich biological hotspot. Stretching along the coasts of Mozambique, Comoros, Tanzania, Madagascar, and the Seychelles, the channel holds 35 percent of the Indian Ocean’s coral reefs, tracts of mangroves, seagrass meadows, and deep-sea habitats. It is home to over 10 million coastal people whose livelihoods rely on the ecosystems.
Yet, this marvel is under siege. Climate change, land-based runoff, overfishing, coastal development, offshore drilling, and shipping traffic have degraded its vital systems. In response, the UN designated 2021–2030 as the Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, launching the World Restoration Flagships—large-scale restoration efforts that follow a shared global framework. In early June 2025, the NMC joined two other sites as a flagship region in this global initiative—a recognition of the deep, sustained conservation effort led by WWF, UNEP, FAO, governments, and local communities.
‘Such a Special Place’
On a recent call, Dr. Samantha Petersen, WWF’s leader for the Southwest Indian Ocean regional program, said, “It’s really such a special place. Highly, highly, highly connected… incredible biodiversity hotspot, with massive… human dependency from the coastal communities.”
Petersen said any restoration plan “needs to be balanced in an integrated way to deliver outcomes for people, nature, and climate.” In practice, that means blending scientific rigor with traditional knowledge—a partnership where nurseries, seedling cultivation, and local stewardship are as essential as policy frameworks and funding streams.
Mangroves at the Core
Among the most urgent work is bringing back the mangroves. These coastal forests are nursery grounds for fish that small-scale fishers depend on.
Petersen explained, “By restoring and securing those nursery grounds… we are securing food security… and livelihoods of small-scale fishers in the region.”
WWF is partnering with community organizations to actively restore approximately 15,000 hectares of mangroves, about 25–30 percent of the restorable area in the NMC—primarily through coastal community-led initiatives. Another 180,000 hectares fall under community-based stewardship, a proof of scale and ambition.
Communities dig planting holes, tend seedlings in nurseries, and monitor growth. WWF provides support: site selection guidance, technical training, materials, and help tracking success over long periods. With coherent management and investment, the project aims to restore 4.85 million hectares of paired land and seascapes by 2030 across participating nations, bringing environmental and social returns in equal measure.
Impressive Story
In ankle-deep water, where the Indian Ocean laps gently at the crumbling edge of Mozambique’s northern coast, 38-year-old Amina Langa bends low in the warm, silty water, pressing red mangrove saplings into the earth like offerings, her hands caked in mud, her expression calm but focused. The tide was creeping in, but she barely noticed. The sun was already sharp, casting long shadows on the salt-bleached sand, yet she moved with the quiet persistence of someone who has learned to listen to the rhythms of the sea.
Langa’s memories are vivid. She speaks of a childhood where the ocean sparkled with promise.
“Back then,” she says, “the nets came back heavy every time.” Her eyes drift out toward the horizon. “The water was alive.”
But that was before the years of cut mangroves, the rise of commercial shrimp farms, the oil stains, and the plastic waste that drifted in with the waves. The forest that once anchored this coastline had thinned to almost nothing, and with it, the fish.
She looked down at the rows of saplings poking from the tidal muck. “These,” she said, her voice soft but certain, “these are hope.” Last year, her nursery nursed 10,000 mangrove seedlings to life. This year, she’s on pace for triple that. What began as one woman’s stubborn vision has now spread—30 fishers from neighboring villages have joined her, their own hands learning the rituals of restoration. In just six months, they built four community nurseries that now supply reforestation efforts up and down the coast.
There’s pride in her every word, but no boast. “I tell them,” she said, “just sit by the water tomorrow morning. Watch. It’s already changing.” She describes schools of tiny fish flickering through the roots, crabs clicking back into burrows, and the way the mud, once dry and cracked, now rests beneath a canopy of green. “I am part of the change,” she says, almost to herself, like a quiet promise whispered to the sea.
A Regional Movement
Langa’s story is repeated across the NMC. In Comoros and Madagascar, similar efforts are under way. In Tanzania, coastal stewardship committees manage restoration areas. In the Seychelles, nurseries trained in grafting speculative coral strains grow fragile fragments for reef rehabilitation.
This community‑led network stems from regional cooperation. Over two years, WWF and the Nairobi Convention helped frame a roadmap for the region: marine spatial planning, integrated ocean management, poverty alleviation, and capacity building for community entrepreneurs.
A recent Natural Capital Assessment estimated that the region’s natural assets—goods and services from fisheries, tourism, shoreline protection, and carbon sequestration—are valued at USD 160 billion, generating USD 5.5 billion annually, nearly half of GDP. A staggering figure: the informal sector—unmonitored coastal fisheries, wood collection—contributes around USD 5 billion uncounted in national accounts.
World Restoration Flagship Honour
On the announcement, delegates from five nations gathered online. The NMC’s inclusion as a World Restoration Flagship was proof that community-led initiatives can scale to regional impact. It locks in transparency through monitoring, aligns the region with global standards, and increases its appeal to investors.
Petersen reflected afterwards, “This honor can largely be accredited to the extraordinary collaborative work done… to safeguard marine biodiversity and support coastal communities.”
An Unexpected Return
Standing again among the mangroves, Langa watched the early morning mist lift. Fish darted in the submerged root zone. A small boat, headed out to the reef, cut through calm water. The mangroves absorbed the wake and stirred the sediment but firmed the mud, holding it in place.
A tiny crab, bright blue, scuttled across a root. It stopped. Then, like an outtake from a nature film, a juvenile fish fled into the maze of roots. Life was returning—subtle, tenacious, and profound.
Scaling Green Finance
The NMC roadmap estimates a need for USD 18 million per year to implement restoration and institutional strengthening—USD 5 million for in-country governance and USD 13 million to fund a Blue Economy Technical & Investment Hub for the region. The call goes out for public and private investors.
Already, several domestic banks and philanthropic funds are evaluating climate-smart financing. Impact investors are drawn by the anticipated 30 percent rise in household incomes, 2,000 new jobs, and 12 community-based enterprises forecasted by 2030. Carbon finance is another frontier—Madagascar’s mangroves already sequester more than 300 million tons of CO₂ equivalent, comparable to U.S. household electricity.
Under the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, led by UNEP and FAO, countries worldwide aim to restore over a billion hectares, aligning with the commitments of the Paris Agreement, Bonn Challenge, and Kunming-Montreal framework.
The World Restoration Flagships are a cornerstone: scaled, monitored, integrated efforts that follow ten restoration principles—community inclusion, equity, sustainability, evidence, resilience, biodiversity, and more.
In the villages lining the Channel, the visible signs of this transformation—seedlings sprouting, fisheries rebounding—are met with pride. But as Petersen stresses, “The work in this region is only just beginning.” Over the next five years, the challenge will be to keep the momentum flowing, secure consistent funding, and build regional coordination so the restored mangroves don’t merely survive but thrive.
Why This Matters
The NMC story speaks directly to that mission: vibrant, coastal communities working in tandem with nature to heal the world. It embodies a simple but profound truth: restoration is not only about trees, fish, or reefs—it’s about people, too.
Several days later, Langa joined the community for a morning ritual on the beach: a small blessing ceremony for the restored trees. She stood barefoot, clutching a bundle of saplings. Villagers circled. A fisherman recited a soulful song; others placed handfuls of sand at the roots.
As the sun peeked over the horizon, a breeze carried the scent of salt and new life. Langa looked down at the young mangroves and whispered, “For my daughter—and for this Channel—we’re bringing back what we lost.”
IPS UN Bureau Report
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